The Role of Onomatopoeic and Predicative Words in Formation of Concretizing Relations in Tatar Language

This article examined the roles of onomatopoeic and predicative words in the formation of a concretizing relations in the Tatar literary language. For many years, language onomatopoeic and predicative words in Tatar language had been studied as a part of the modal speech. Since the end of the 20th century, onomatopoeic words have been included into the list of notional parts of speech. Predicative words also stand between the notional and service parts of speech, that is, as a separate unit. In syntactic terms, both of these can be attributed to notional parts of speech, as they form word combinations. In this scientific work, the authors were first to study the concretizing relations between onomatopoeic words, verbs, and nouns and also between predicative words and nouns, pronouns, and verbs. The article also shed light on semantic nuances and means of communication.A concretizing link refers to an expression of a concretizing relation between words using special means of communication. The category of concretizing relations includes a rather wide range of semantic nuances between notions; therefore, the means of their expression are very diverse. The scientific novelty of this article was determined by the functional-semantic analysis of the concretizing relationship, wherein onomatopoeic and predicative words were either dependent or dominant components.The research method was determined by the goals and objectives of the work, as well as by the specificity of the material being studied. The main research method was descriptive-analytical, with its main components: observation, generalization, and interpretation. Comparative-historical method was also used for the purpose of comprehensive analysis of linguistic features of speech, allowing determining certain tendencies in the development of grammatical system of national literary language. The study also involved comparative-typological and statistical methods.


Introduction
In the modern Tatar language, the main types of subordination are predicative, concretizing, and explanatory. A predicative relation appears between a subject and a predicate and, as a known fact; it is the reason for the formation of a two-member sentence. The concretizing and explanatory relations also play an important role in the extension of a sentence. Typically, the paramount role of the predicative relation in formation of speech has been highlighted in grammar. However, both predicative and concretizing relations are essential for the formation of speech. Their roles in speech are also equally important. Comprehensive speech appears during the close interweaving of these relations. The use of the main members of а sentence in speech is not enough for the completeness of the information received. Therefore, comprehensive speech requires usage of definitions, adverbial modifiers, and objects (Kodekova, 2018).
A concretizing link also refers to an expression of a concretizing relation between words using special means of communication. The category of concretizing relations includes a rather wide range of semantic nuances between notions; therefore, the means of their expression are very diverse. In the Tatar language, the concretizing relation is analyzed from two points of view: 1) in the process of studying word combinations, and 2) while studying the secondary parts of sentence. A concretizing relation is a link between a definition and a defined word, an object and its complemented word, an adverbial modifier, and a dominant word (Antúnez, 2009).
Moreover, the concretizing relation plays an important role in the formation of speech. It is even the richest among other relations, both in means of communication and in semantic nuances. The means of communication used in concretizing relations are the object of study in scientific works. Each means of communication is examined not only as a grammatical phenomenon but it is also described in its functional aspect. The scientific works of recent years have also focused on functional analysis of some linguistic phenomena (Gafarova and Galiullina, 2015;Kharisov and Kharisova, 2014;Kharisova et al., 2015;Shakirova et al., 2016;Yusupov, 2015).
In the Tatar language, there are difficulties in determining a part of speech. This is connected with both onomatopoeic words and predicative ones. Some studies have identified eight notional parts of speech (noun, pronoun, adjective, numeral, adverb, verb, predicative word, and onomatopoeic word). Khisamova did not approve the inclusion of predicative words into the list of notional parts of speech. According to her, such words belonged to the modal parts of speech (Khisamova, 2006). Kharisova also allocated predicative words between the notional and the modal parts of speech (Kharisova, 2011).
In Tatar grammar, parts of speech are divided into three categories: notional, service, and modal. For example, the academician Tumasheva addresses onomatopoeic words together with interjections and modal words apart from notional and service parts of speech in her textbook. Hence, the author included them into the category of modal words (Tumasheva, 1964).
At the end of the 20th century, ideas came up that onomatopoeic words were a notional part of speech. According to the Volume II of the Tatar Grammar, "The category of notional words expressing certain concepts, of which a thought is composed, also includes imitative words. Despite the fact that these words have many specific features, they, like other notional words, are intended to express concepts that are a reflection of reality in the mind of a person" (Yusupov, 2015). Approving this idea, Professor Kharisova listed the features in one of her articles that made it possible to classify onomatopoeic words as independent parts of speech: "Morphological categories do not apply to them, but they can be different members of sentences. <...> It should be noted that onomatopoeic words occupy a certain place in formation of different parts of speech. In particular, nouns and verbs are formed from them" (Kharisova, 2011). Professor Khisamova, in her textbook "Tatar tele morphology" for higher educational institutions, also scientifically outlined that onomatopoeic words were full-notional parts of speech. Accordingly, onomatopoeic words were semantically different from other notional parts of speech. "But they are very close to them in terms of grammatical features. Onomatopoeic words are not declined, but they can be, as to say, systematically added word-forming affixes: make noise, knock, and others. Analytical verbs: to make noise, to get angry, etc. are formed on their basis. Onomatopoetic words perform a syntactic function in a sentence -are members of a sentence together with a dominant word or even apart from it" (Khisamova, 2006).
Due to the fact that they were considered as a modal part of speech for long years, the syntax did not reflect the phrases formed with the use of onomatopoeic and modal words, since the concretizing relation was, first of all, the link between two notional parts of speech (Bazarova and Gılyazeva, 2017).
Predicative words are a class of words denoting a "non-cation state", which are predominantly used in the function of a predicative member (alone or in combination with other words) or an equivalent of a sentence, demonstrating both nominal and verbal properties.

Methodology
The research method was determined according to the objectives of the work, as well as by the specificity of the materials being studied.
The main research method was descriptive-analytical, with its main components: observation, generalization, and interpretation. Comparative-historical method was also used to meet the purpose of comprehensive analysis of linguistic features of speech, allowing determining certain tendencies in the development of the grammatical system of the national literary language. Furthermore, the study involved comparative-typological and statistical methods.

Results
1. Onomatopoeic words were full-notional parts of speech and acted as a dependent or dominant component. Within the language, there were verbal and nominal word combinations with onomatopoeic words, as well as onomatopoeic word combinations with nominal parts of speech. Various lexico-grammatical relations were also established between these notional parts of speech, and the means of expression were doubling of stems, post-verbal words dip, itep, and the affixes of directional and source cases.
2. Predicative words were notional parts of speech and served as a dependent or dominant component. In the language, there were predicative word combinations with nouns, pronouns, verbs, and also nominal word combinations with predicative words. Various lexical-grammatical relations were also established between these notional parts of speech, and the means of expression were the affixes of directional, source and local cases, and the post-verbal words өchen, kebeck, shikelle, symann, tөsle, buencha, ara, tysh.
3. In syntactic terms, both onomatopoeic words and predicative ones could be attributed to notional parts of speech, as they formed word combinations.

Discussion
During this scientific research, it was revealed that the concretizing relation in the Tatar language had been formed using onomatopoeic words in the following cases: An onomatopoetic word was subordinated to a verb by doubling the stem. In this case, the dependent onomatopoeic word expressed the way of performing the process, which was indicated by the dominant verb: The chicken came in cackling.
A dependent doubled onomatopoeic word could express the speed of the process indicated by the dominant verb: The heart of the guy was beating very quickly: tuk-tuk).
Onomatopoeic words, subordinated to a verb with the help of the post-verbal word dip, expressed the way of accomplishing the process indicated by the dominant verb: Grunted. In some cases, you could see the doubling of stems of onomatopoeic words: Grasshoppers, making sounds.
Onomatopoeic words, subordinated to a verb with the help of the post-verbal word itep, also showed the way of accomplishing the process indicated by the dominant component: Heart trembled.
Although it was very rare, there were concretizing relations formed as a result of subordination of an onomatopoeic word to a noun. A dependent word was also subordinated to a dominant component by doubling the stem and indicated the property of objects (persons): Wild geese are flying. The clanging cranes are flying.
In the abovementioned examples, onomatopoeic words acted as a dependent component. As a result of careful examination of this problem, it was found out that an onomatopoeic word could also act as a dominant element in very rare cases of concretizing relations.
The dependent nominal part of speech was subordinated to an onomatopoeic word with an affix of directional case -ga / -gә and -ka / -kә and indicated the final point in the direction of the process: Suddenly he got up and bammed on the table.
The dependent nominal part of speech was subordinated to an onomatopoeic word with an affix of source casedan / -dәn and -tan / -tәn and -nn / -nәn and showed the place where the movement or action began: When the bell rang, he grabbed the bag and rushed out of the class.
In the Tatar language, the concretizing relation was formed using predicative words in the following cases: Nouns and pronouns were subordinated to a necessary predicative word with an affix of directional case -ka /kә and -ga / -gә, and indicated a person or an object that had to give or take something: The man was in need of hope and support.
Nouns and pronouns, subordinated to a predicative word necessary were formed with an affix of directional case, indicating an object that gave or took something: He owes me five pencils.
Nouns and pronouns, subordinated to predicative words could, possibly with an affix of directional case, indicate an object that was allowed or not allowed to do something: This room can be entered.
A concretizing relation between nouns, pronouns and predicative words there is and there is no was formed in speech with an affix of directional case, indicating an object, for which there was something or was not: Not for the son.
A concreting relation between nouns or pronouns and a predicative word needed was formed with the help of initial case -tan / -tәn and -dan / -dәn. In this case, it indicated an object or a person that had to give or take something: One must learn a lot from nature.
When an affix of source case formed a concretizing relation between nouns or pronouns and a predicative word should, this indicated an object that should give or take something: col. Alsu should give two pencils.
Nouns or pronouns subordinated to predicative words there is and there is no with the help of the same source case, showed the original place of something: There is a (There is no) letter from mother.
Nouns or pronouns subordinated to predicative words there is and there is no with the help of locative case -da / -dә and -ta / -tә, indicated the location of something: What are your plans?
The concretizing relation between nouns, pronouns and a predicative word it is necessary was also realized with the help of a postposition for, indicating an object or a person for whom something was assigned: It is necessary for the people.
Nouns and pronouns subordinated to a predicative word it is necessary with the help of postpositions as and like, indicated an object or a person, whose necessity was similar to the need of another object or person: As necessary as air.
Nouns and pronouns subordinated to a predicative word need with the help of a postposition on showed an object, which identified the need for a person or an object: The student is needed with regard to his graduate thesis.
Nouns or pronouns subordinated to predicative words there is and there is no, with the help of a postposition between indicated a place of an object or a person: (There is among students).
Nouns or pronouns were also subordinated to predicative words there is and there is no, with the help of the source case and a postposition except for: As if there is something else except for them.... The verb, subordinated to a predicative word must with the help of a postposition for, indicated the goal of this or that object's or person's existence: It had to be done in order to show you.
In the above examples, predicative words acted as a dominant word. In addition to that, they could also act as a dependent word in speech. The predicative word it is necessary, subordinated to a noun with the help of a postposition before, further described the subject in terms of its measure and degree: Notebook of the right size.
Predicative words there is no and there is, required, must, and can be could also subordinated to nouns. In this case, they were located in mandatory proximity: desired position; necessary people.

Summary
It was concluded that onomatopoeic and predicative words in Tatar language had quite a basis to be regarded as nominal parts of speech. They could also act as a dependent or dominant component in speech. Various lexicalgrammatical relations were similarly established between these notional parts of speech, and the means of expression were the affixes, postpositions, and post-words.

Conclusion
The concretizing relation, as one of the types of subordinate link, was the richest both in terms of means of communication and in semantic nuances. The semantic relationship between dependent and dominant components and their means of communication also required careful analysis both in functional and semantic aspects. It was concluded that concretizing relation plays an important role in formation of speech.