Partial lexical-Semantic Repetition as a Linking Means of Text (Case Study: "the Defense” Novel by V.V. Nabokov)

The study on informative and aesthetic properties of linguistic units with linguistic and cultural importance is a priority in the modern linguistics. In the present paper, authors paid attention to a lexeme game functioning in an artistic text. The case study was "The Defence" novel by Nabokov. In a complex study on linguistic facts, lexicographic sources were analyzed allowing us to describe the semantic structure of the word game. Word forms of the token game were also considered and involved in the organization of linking means of text. The game in the artistic text was subjected to the study of its figurative-associative potential in analyzing peculiarities of using the lexeme. In the research, it was found that the most common words of text in V.Nabokov's novel "The Defence" were “play” (16), “player” (16), and “toys” (4). These words, repeating in the text, organize the semantic coherence of text.


Introduction
Active study of various aspects of creativity by Vladimir Nabokov began during his lifetime. By the present era, the study of Nabokov has nearly become the most popular branch of the western Russian philology. It has a lot of reasons, but the most obvious is the bilingualism of writer with Russian to English translation. For a long time, the United States of America were considered as the center of a world for the study of Nabokov; however, Nabokov's creativity has been also more and more actively studied in Russia in the past decades (Nurgaliyeva et al., 2018).
An interest in the phenomenon of game is also present in linguistics. The studies have been conducted on this field in different directions. In recent works, problems of the lexeme semantic definition have found their reflection (Fattakhova et al., 2014;Magdalena and Hayrutdinova, 2017;Nurullina et al., 2017;Sadanyan et al., 2017).

Methods
The research methods are defined by the goal and have a complex nature. The present research used a descriptive method by the observation, generalization and classification of materials and compared it with structuralsemantic method; contextual interpretation; comparative method; structural-functional method; cognitive analysis as the study of a system of signs that play a role in the representation and in the transformation of information; and the contrastive approach.

Results and Discussion
A number of researchers, who rank Nabokov for this or that type of outlook or an art formation, call the game principle the dominant characteristic which is most brightly presented in the novel "The Defense". It is confirmed by the fact that, on the one hand, the history of chess players is presented in the novel, and on the other hand, the novel itself is constructed under laws of a game of chess. It has caused multiple repetition of the lexeme "a game" in the text of work. It is repeated 52 times. Cases of using this lexeme in the meaning "the occupation caused by the set of certain rules, methods and serving as a leisure activity, for entertainment, which is a sport" are most frequent: "He brought a chess game textbook; however, he advised him not to get too carried away, not to get tired, to read in the free air." (Nabokov, 2002). "It seemed to her that the former times, in Russia of her youth, a person who was exclusively involved in a chess game would be unthinkable." (Nabokov, 2002).
According to the fact that the childhood of the main character is described at the beginning of work, there are cases of using a lexeme "game" in "a fun, an entertainment" meaning (4 cases of use): "Predaniye govorilo, chto, v pervoye vremya yeyo suschestvovaniya, uchitelya v chas bolshoi peremeny vozilis 's rebyatami, my love for the sake" (Nabokov, 2002). "There were no such common games now, but the idyllic glory remained" (Nabokov, 2002).
Chess is not only a process of a game, but also a set of figures placed in a box with the surface as the game field. In this meaning, the lexeme "game" is used in two contexts: "What game, what game, -said the violinist, carefully closing the box. -Combinations like melodies. You see, I just hear the moves" (Nabokov, 2002). "I'd rather have played the partysh, -the violinist laughed, going to the door -The Game of the Gods. Infinite possibilities" (Nabokov, 2002).
The lexeme "igra" can be also used in a negative connotation in the meaning of "intentional (usually improper) number of actions pursuing a definite purpose, intrigues, secret plans". We also observe similar uses by Nabokov: "The only thing that interested him was a difficult, crafty game in which he was not clear how-he was implicated." (Nabokov, 2002)."Slishkom polnyi i dryablyi dlya svoikh let, khodil mezhdu ludei, pridumannykh yego zhenoi uzhasnoi siloi napravlennya protiv nego" (Nabokov, 2002).
It is difficult to us to correlate it with any of the offered meanings. In our opinion, it is necessary to speak here about individual and personal features of the player, about his "manner of playing".
There are also some cases of partial lexical-semantic repetition of a lexeme "game" which represents the repetition of various word forms having one base. Similar repetitions play important roles in the establishment of intext semantic links and in the organization of a reader's perception. In the studied novel, such word forms are "Play" (16), "player" (16), "toys " (4) and their derivatives (Antúnez, 2016).
The lexeme "game" is specially interesting in the following fields: "Mat', statnaya, polnorukaya dama, nazyvavshaua samoe sebya boi-baboi ili kazakom (sled smutnykh i izvrashchennykh reministsentsyi iz "Voiny i mira"), prevoskhodno igrala russkuyu khozyaiku, imela sklonnost' k teosofii i poritsala radio, kak evreiskuyu vydumku (Nabokov, 2002)."Yei prishlos' smiritsya i podumat' o tom, chem ukrasit' i kak podat' dochernego zhenikha, chtoby ne stydno bylo pered l'udmi, i kak sobratsya s salami, chtoby na svad'be ulybatsya, igrat' dovolnuyu mat', hvalit' chestnost' i dobrotu Luzhina" (Nabokov, 2002). In these sentences, a lexeme " to play" is used in the meaning which has not found any reflection in the contexts with a lexeme " to play" though this interpretation lays in one of its meanings: "to perform (a piece of music, a play on the stage)" (Ozhegov, 2008). However in this case, the author reconsiders this interpretation. The heroine does not "perform" on stage and does not play a musical instrument; she "performs" the role in the real life. In other words, she represents life that is not actually presented, and thus this situation can quite be correlated to what actors do on the stage: perform a role, represent somebody whom they are not, pretend (Zaidullina and Demyanova, 2017).
The cases of using a lexeme "play" in meanings which are not marked out in many explanatory dictionaries are also interesting. These meanings are reflected in the big explanatory dictionary of Russian under S.A. Kuznetsov's edition.
1. "To work easily with some tool without any visible efforts and also to go easily, move (about the tool)": "The key played in the lock, the door 'opened'" (Nabokov, 2002).
We emphasized the fact, more than once, that the game principles are fundamental in the novel "The Defense". This thought is confirmed in our opinion by the following sentence.
V.V. Nabokov consciously reconstructs and arranges the already settled, perceived expressions by native speakers as irreducible expressions of "doesn't play a role" and "doesn't matter" in the same meaning for the aim to create a game situation where rules are established by himself, and the reader only conforms to these rules. The prepared player-reader will understand a trick and use it in the following move, and the inexperienced beginner will miss it, even without having noticed.
However there isn't always a direct reference to chess in a sentence. As a rule, the meaning is restored at the expense of lexicon connected with a chess game. "Vse partii v starom zhurnale byli izucheny, vse zadachi resheny, i prikhodilos 'igrat' samomu s soboi, a eto beznadezhno konchalos 'razmenom vsekh figur i vyaloi nich'ei" (Nabokov, 2002)." On game in Manchestere, gde dryakhlyi champion Anglii, for the sake of the rest of the people, for the sake of the rest of the children, for Amsterdame, for the rest of the world, for the sake of the prostochil vremya, for the protiral, for the sake of the world, for the sake of the protrochil, for the sake of the proto pobedonosno pustil v khod svoi znamenity debut, i vo mnogikh drugikh gorodakh, kotoryye vse dlya nego byli odinakovy, -gostinitsa, taksomotor, zal v kafe ili klube" (Nabokov, 2002).
One case of using a lexeme "game'" in the meaning is "to be amused frolicing, to have a good time" (Ozhegov, 2008). "I'm interested in what you did 'as a child, keck played. You probably had toy soldiers …" (Nabokov, 2002).
The lexeme "a player" is not of a less significance. We find the following interpretations of this word: 1. The participant of a game (in the second meaning); 2. The one who plays a musical instrument (colloquial); 3. The one who gambles and also likes to gamble (Ozhegov and Shvedova, 2006). In our opinion, data of Big explanatory dictionary of the Russian nouns is much more interesting: 1. An athlete, a participant of a sports game, competition; 2. The person participating in any game, or in an entertainment, amusement when spending leisure time, during the holiday, etc.; 3. The person who likes to gamble (usually about somebody who likes to play cards, a roulette); 4. The person obsessed with a passion for gambling (usually in cards).
In the second dictionary, more attention is paid to the evaluative side of the interpretation of a lexeme "game". As a rule, it corresponds to the negative assessment that is emphasized with a lexeme "obsessed" (1. Captured (with some feeling, experience, thought); 2. Mad, frenzied) (Ozhegov, 2008). It is confirmed by data of the associative dictionary, the dictionary entry in which is headed by such lexemes as "passion", "hazardous", "in gamblings" (Russian Associative Dictionary 2002: 227).

Summary
In the research, it was found that the most common words in the text of V. Nabokov's novel, "The Defence", are the word forms namely "Play" (16), "player" (16), and "toys" (4). These word forms, repeating themselves in the text, organize the semantic coherence of text.

Conclusion
The use of not only the "game" lexeme, but also other cognate words creates the effect of a heap. Game is everywhere. The author, thus, keeps the reader in the suspense without giving him the chance to relax and forget about a game what the nature of the whole novel is.