Planning Mechanism for a Social Development Strategy in Post-Forced Displacement Anbar Governorate

Anbar society suffers many serious problems after the stage of forced displacement that was caused by ISIL terrorism. Major among these problems are the social problems, like social and family disintegration and locality and tribal tendencies, which have far serious consequences and themselves became the focal point of other negative consequences. Seen from this perspective the current paper seeks to be a step towards the achievement of social peace in the governorate and promote social development through real local reconciliation. The paper proposes an instant mechanism for a social development strategy that comprises programs and procedures that can be followed and be part of development plans of other sectors in the future. The paper adopts the analytical-descriptive method which is suitable in such studies. The paper includes a study of the social status of the governorate, a description of the situation of the displaced and returnees, serial procedures for the study of the proposed strategy like quadruple analysis and regional diagnosis of Anbar society, identifying priorities according to the primary and secondary aims that lead to the strategic programs and their future projects which focus on the integration of all denominations of society and giving priority to youth and females in the achievement of social development in the already weakened Anbar society. The paper draws on data from the international organizations, civil society organizations, the ministry of planning, and Anbar governorate. The paper comes up with conclusions, recommendations, and procedural suggestions to serve anbar society and participate in the achievement and promotion of a sustainable social development in Anbar governorate.


Introduction
Anbar is one of the major five governorates most affected by ISIL (2013ISIL ( -2014 and the ensuing major battles. The battle to liberate Anbar lasted up December 2017. As a result more than a million people were internally displaced and the infrastructure received heavy damages as well. This research, in this respect, proposes a strategic development mechanism for one of the most important development sectors in the governorate which is the sector of social development. This sector is foremost among other development sectors as it relates to Man and society of Anbar governorate.

Methodology of the Study
The study relies on a combination of descriptive and qualitative methods to identify and analyze the current situation of social development in Anbar governorate during and after the stage of massive displacement in the wake of ISIL invasion.
Strategic planning techniques were also used to propose a development strategy of local administration through the application of the quadruple analysis model SWOT and other planning programs of local social development.

Questions of the Study
The study is geared to answer the following questions: -What is the social situation of Anbar Governorate and the problems of Anbar society before and after massive displacement stage.
-What are the results of SWOT analysis of the social development status of the governorate in order to identify the pyrmid-order of treatment styles.
-What are the planning programs of the proposed strategy of social development strategy in Anbar governorate as a case study that can be extended to other Iraqi governorates of similar situation. governorate and are important in providing jobs, services, resources, etc., that. At the district and district level, more than 75% of the urbanization rate prevails in Kabisa, Hit, Falluja, Haditha, Al-Rutba and Rawa (All data in this researchunless specified otherwiseare from MoP annual statistics for 2016, 2016).

Living Conditions
Access to basic services: Access to basic services prior to ISIL was below ideal level, although relatively good. Based on the 2011 data, drinking water deprivation (18.1%), sanitation (1.5%) and shelter (0.6%) in Anbar were well below average in Iraq. The service indicators are due to the high access to electricity before ISIL (the highest percentage in Iraq -99.5%), improved sanitation (91.7%) and health care (UNDP/UN-Habitat, 2016).
At the same time, only 41.4% of households receive improved drinking water, only 8.7% have access to public sanitation, and maternal mortality (for example, 41 per 100,000 live births) is among the highest in Iraq. That is, the quality of the services seems to be the most problematic problem of access. Before ISIL, the quality of service seems more than the issue of access. Based on 2013 data, the efficiency of infrastructure services is lower than average in Iraq (40% versus 50%, respectively) (WB, 2017). (UNDP, 2014) Income and poverty: Based on 2011 data, Anbar is ranked fourth among Iraq's 18 governorates in terms of GDP per capita (US $ 7989), but it ranks 15th in terms of annual household income (US $ 1,520). The average per capita monthly income is 0.92% of the average monthly expenditure, and the income poverty rate is estimated at 15.4% (compared to 18.9% on average in Iraq). At the same time, about 14.2% of the population suffers from multidimensional poverty compared to 4.3% in Baghdad. Current data on poverty are not available in Anbar, but it is estimated that economic, social and security disturbances have pushed poverty rates to 41.2% in governorates affected by ISIL.

Figure-2. Anbar economic development indicators
Literacy: The total number of study years is (7.5) years due to population movements since 2003 and ongoing conflicts, and according to 2011 data occupies Anbar ranked 14th among 18 Iraqi provinces. Anbar also recorded the highest rate of illiteracy in Iraq by 4% of the 18 governorates, and illiteracy rate among youth is 12.4%. The gender difference in educational achievement is shown: boys spend more time in school than girls (8.1 and 6.7, respectively). The school dropout rate is 58.6%, although it is still high, still below 65% in Iraq. However, the dropout rate among young women is 70%, and years of occupation have exacerbated the situation, Education in Anbar. Low skills and qualifications have uncertain prospects (Vishwanath, 2015).
Employment: Unemployment rate of 15 years and over in Anbar is 18.1%, compared to 11.1% in Iraq. According to the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the total unemployment rate is 15.9%, thus Anbar is the second worst unemployment in Iraq -29.9% among young people aged 15-29 years. Unemployment is higher -21.4% in total and 40% among young people. The private sector is weak and cannot absorb the increasing labor force, so the majority of job opportunities are provided by the state. Displacement waves caused by conflicts have weakened employment opportunities. The low employment opportunities for young people and women is a source of serious concern. Economic activity rates for females and young women in Anbar (19%) are much higher than in Iraq (13% and 12%, respectively). However, the employment of young women is half the average for Iraq. In short, young people -especially young women (15-29 years) -have the highest level of exclusion in the labor market.
Education: is a central element in addressing the demographic challenges in Anbar. Family planning attitudes (such as early marriage / early pregnancy) and relationships within the family and society, especially the views of youth (such as sectarianism, women's employment or entrepreneurship) Special. Post-Islamic schools had to accommodate more students at the same level and new curricula / programs were needed to enable children to catch up with their peers. Continuing education services and filling gaps are a necessary first step -in addition to psychological support for students in the school environment; followed by improved school environment to raise enrollment rates.
In order for education to benefit from the long-term economic development of Anbar, as it is necessary for a dynamic private sector that accommodates youth growth, better matching supply and demand to human resources (for example through vocational training and skills development programs) and efficiency-based programs. Programs that include microcredit and training are also essential to stimulate female employment. Anbar's inequality is clear, and the Human Development Index for the year 2014 shows the average human development of Anbar: 0.677 (below 0.694 for Iraq, given 0.639-0.764), reflecting the very slow progress in health, education and income. (IOM DTM Round, 2017).
However, the human development index adjusted for inequality in Anbar is below -0.574 only: Anbar actually has "low human development" and about 18% of development loss is due to inequality. The loss of development is reflected by the particular inequality of youth and women. The Anbar Youth Development Index is the lowest in Iraq --0.500 compared with 0.641, which is the average for Iraq and the Youth Development Index is lower for young women (0.299 compared to 0.535 for Iraq), driven by low levels of education, especially that jobs are available at a much lower rate for women.
In terms of spatial inequality, as in the districts of Al-Wafa and Garma, which compete Baghdad and Karbala respectively,wre the poverty rates are 46% and 48%, while the poverty rate in the district of Rawa is 6%. The largest four regions -Ramadi (15%), Habbaniya (16%), Falluja (17%) and Karma (48%) alone constitute 63% of the Anbar poor. The districts are also different depending on the quality of services (while generally inadequate) and the level of diversification of income opportunities (see table 3).
Deprivation: Particularly in the context of substandard service delivery when poverty promotes deprivation. The disadvantage index is based on four variables: family income, unemployment, level of education and access to water. Anbar occupies the highest level of deprivation in Iraq (0.358) among the 18 provinces with the maximum range of 0.358 -the minimum 0.163.
Corruption: Iraq ranks 166th out of 176 countries (score 16/100) on Transparency International Organization's 2016 Corruption Perception Index and has maintained this ranking since 2006. Corruption pervades social and economic development at many levels -discouraging private sector development, The effectiveness of recruiting human resources, employment opportunities, distribution is not equal for all service and son on. In the current context of Anbar, the interaction fuels insecurity, corruption, deprivation and populist inequality and exacerbates tensions, with high expectations of impunity and uncertainty in public spending and administrative nepotism.
Political instability, war, internal conflicts and terrorism lead to increased corruption -especially political corruption -and peace and reconstruction in a post-conflict context depend on improved transparency and accountability in governance in the province (Libicki, 2010).

The Displaced and Returnees
ISIL invasion of Anbar governorate and the control of most of the cities of the governorate led to a high wave of displacement: about 70% of the population in areas controlled by terrorist groups, totaling over one million people, Displaced families started to return after the liberation of these areas ever since October 31th, 2017. (IOM, 2016). The figures show that the majority of IDPs from Anbar stayed in the free zones of the Covernorate, moved to live with their relatives or in camps, and the groups that went to Kurdistan and Baghdad are similar in size (LADP, 2017).
Anbar is characterized by shelter status for displaced people, where the majority of IDPs (71%) who remained in Anbar have been accommodated in the camps -while more than two thirds of IDPs living in Baghdad, Erbil and Sulaymaniyah have rented accommodation, indicating that the majority of people able to support themselves had chosen to leave Anbar governorate, while the poor remained in Anbar camps.
Efforts should be focused on people currently in Anbar governorate because they are in a more difficult situation. Data available from the International Organization for Migration (IOM) show (IOM DTM Round, 2017).
 Most IDPs outside Anbar have some means to take care of themselves and rent houses.  Most IDPs were forced to remain in Anbar -either in the camps or with their relatives. Challenges Facing IDPS Internally: Of IDPs in Anbar Some 1) Return to their homes 2) Have to stay in camps because of conditions. Both groups face very similar problems -damage to damaged homes, damaged infrastructure, lack of access to health and education and, therefore, actions towards them must be similar.
Living conditions: Most of Anbar's population relies heavily on trade, agriculture, industry and other professions. In the context of displacement outside their areas and the siege of cities by terrorism, families faced considerable difficulties with respect to living conditions, livelihoods and dependence on relief assistance provided by NGOs or Governments. While relief assistance is usually directed at families in camps, it does not reach IDPs living in separate housing units. The challenges in this regard were significant for displaced families, donors and non-governmental organizations.
Health conditions: The magnitude and dynamics of displacement have been negatively reflected on the health status of displaced families for two main reasons: (i) lack of financial capacity to afford health care and (ii) permanent confusion in IDP camps and shelters in these camps. The large number of refugees in the camps facilitates the transmission of diseases, as some skin diseases have spread in the camps, such as skin rash, scabies, bites of Baghdad and others. The tents in the camp shelters are usually damaged and not good for living. They do not protect against summer heat or colds. Winter, which again facilitates the transmission of the disease. Lack of health guidance further exacerbates the situation, in addition to the lack of monitoring of relief assistance to camps (including food and water), shortage of / inadequate health units and provision of health services.
Education: Among the serious negative effects of displacement is widespread illiteracy, limited participation in education, and declining levels of learning / education among students. And the reasons why families do not continue their education mainly: financial capacity, lack of adequate school premises, lack of education requirements in the camp and poor socio-psychological conditions of displaced families.
Potential problems with host communities: The families of the displaced suffer from difficult living conditions, deteriorating education, psychological situation, unknown future, financial losses, loss of homes and property, and the conditions of the camps are characterized by a lack of respect for human dignity. All of these challenges impose short-and long-term negative consequences, which may include problems such as: MoMP (2014) 1. radicalization of members of IDP families and facilitation of their recruitment by terrorist group 2. Increase migration, leading to brain drain 3. Increased begging cases 4. Family separation and increased divorce 5. deteriorating economic status of families 6. increased use of certain analgesics and drugs

The Situation of IDPS in the Camps
Healthcare: There are currently two clinics serving displaced persons in displaced persons camps in Khalidiya. The clinics provide primary health care and the patient is transferred in complex cases requiring surgery or complex health care to the main hospitals in Khalidiya, Ramadi or Falluja. Dari non-governmental organization has established two clinics with 3 doctors, nurses and one medical assistant. There are four mobile clinics provided by the International Medical Authority (IMC) and primary health care, each with a doctor, a nurse and one medical assistant. Some doctors have recently volunteered to provide medical advice in these camps but are not present all the time and are making irregular visits to the camps when they are available to serve.
Education: Education in these camps remains a major threat growing since the 2014 situation. The October 2017 data show that almost all students in IDP camps do not go to school. One school (Ashour) was established in the camps for these children with the support of the Kuwaiti Fund. The school was supposed to be open for children. However, the Directorate of Education in Anbar failed to provide teachers and cadres to run the school.
Social challenges: With the fact that long-term residence of IDPs within camps (about two years), certain social challenges have emerged, including early marriage, unaccompanied children, separated from their families, widows, families, child labor, etc. Despite the efforts of some NGOs, these challenges continue to pose a threat to social cohesion.
The children of IDPs are exposed to many risks, where they can be seen selling cigarettes, sweets or napkins on the roads and places of congestion. The Red Cross societies are renewing awareness campaigns targeting families and social leaders about the dangers of child labor and their future effects. UNICEF and its partners are establishing "child-friendly spaces" that provide activities and entertainment for children aged 7 to 12.
There is a lack of statistics on the number of working and separated children who are without facilities or suffer from disability. The estimates of the Khalidiya camp show that there are more than 80 separate children and more than 100 children with disabilities, but these children live under the same conditions as other children. They receive any kind of support or care (Siddiqui, 2017).

Quadratic Analysis of the Community Development Sector
A general analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats was compiled from three working groups on the development of the Anbar community.

Points of Weakness
Points of Strength Public service projects affected by the financial crisis (most of which have been suspended Tribal conflicts Non-enforcement of the law Local political influences Weak social links because of the duplicitous Lack of data for some target groups There is no program to rehabilitate the displaced The emergence of social problems associated with displacement Increase economic and social disparities due to displacement Increase poverty rates Increased school dropout rate -The priority of authorities in community development -The homogeneity of society from ethnic and religious aspects, despite the presence of tribal tribes -The presence of young volunteers -The presence of a voluntary women's activist group -The existence of educational institutions and other social facilities -Provide support from local government.

Threats
Opportunities The instability of the security situation Non-decentralization Foreign political affairs Edit some areas recently A large number of the population is still displaced inside and outside the province Weak laws and censorship while commenting on tribal conflicts Delay ratification / enactment of laws relating to social protection The attention of the local government in the inclusion of social development in 2018-2022 The strategic plan and the willingness of the international community to assist International and regional support for community reconciliation The presence of non-governmental organizations that carry out social development and other non-governmental organizations interested in working in this context.

Vision and General Objectives of the Strategy 3.2.1. Development Vision for the Sector
Finding a local community in the governorate that seeks to address the social problems of insecurity, poverty, illiteracy and others because of the armed groups' terrorism, displacement and displacement, with the aim of achieving real social interests among the people of the province and ensuring the return of the displaced as it seeks to rid them of suffering in various forms.

Strategic goal
• Addressing the security situation and liberating the remaining cities of the governorate • Realize community interests and social peace in the province.
• Reduce the level of poverty and illiteracy in education, especially in the rural community in the governorate Ensure the return of displaced persons to their cities as soon as possible • Prioritize national development projects for groups (youth + women + children) Sub-objectives: • Coordinate with the central government regarding the military operations and financial allocations for the province as it is a disaster zone. • Give a role to the local government in reconciliation and tribes affairs. • Focus on the role of women and youth groups in their role in sector development • Give privacy to the families of martyrs, wounded and disabled military operations. • Creating job opportunities for the unemployed to reduce poverty rate • Giving a role to community centers and civil society organizations in the development of the sector. • Disbursement of the dues of IDPs and returnees with psychological, health and social rehabilitation of all members of the governorate.

Proposed Mechanism Programs for the Strategy
The following programs were presented according to SWOT analysis and strategic objectives (See above). Attention given to interventions by the Government when there is capacity to implement certain objectives and activities.

Program 1: Activate Peace-Building on the Level of Tribal Communities 3.3.1.1. Justifications
Since 2003, and specifically since 2003, the people of Anbar have been carrying out political, radical, violent, fighting and mass displacement. Approximately 80% of the land is under duress and forced to adopt their faith in addition to demolition and vandalism of private and public properties which amounts to 90% in some areas. In post-ISIL period the need for prosecution, punishment, compensation and blame can be understood. As families began to return to their original cities, problems and conflicts began to begin within and between clans and communities. In attempts to resolve these conflicts, tribalism, tribalism, reprisals and rule of law emerged. These practices were based on collective punishment and responsibility for the whole group rather than individuals. Consequently, reprisals prevailed and fear of punishment spread, especially for those suspected of supporting Daish. The stage plays a role in the need to build community peace with the participation of the governorate government, civil society organizations, community leaders and society in all its various aspects and components. These efforts have been based on the concept of protection and preservation of the dignity of all and respect for human rights.
With regard to activating the peace-building process, it was necessary to (1) adopt a harmonized approach to peace-building, (ii) involve law enforcement agencies (such as the police and the judiciary), non-government actors with a special agenda, and (iii) Was essential at that time in the process of peace-building. While the involvement of the Governor is essential because of its role in promoting moderation and reducing the belief that there is no justice and impunity, in addition to its role in reducing the intensity and armaments among children in particular.

Vision
Comprehensive measures to achieve the rule of law, particularly in addressing tribal and radical affairs -support for the return of displaced persons and the reform of the social fabric; reducing radicalism and radicalization in societies, and preventing extremism and radicalism in the long term.

Specific Objectives
Target 1: Activate the rule of law in relation to tribal and radical affairs Target 2: Support and promote peace-building processes and restorative practices Achieving goal 1 will contribute to restoring society, trusting links, reducing tribal reprisals and countering the spread of extremist and radical thought.
Target 2 will support the adoption of restorative practices aimed at ensuring that tragedies in the region do not recur in recent years. In particular through the establishment of a Community Peacebuilding Commission (CPBC) for the Governor and the Provincial Council and its mission and mission to coordinate and support the activities of Peacebuilding (Including conflict resolution, management training, awareness-raising campaigns, etc.). The committee will include representatives from the administration, the provincial council, civil society organizations, community and religious leaders. In its work, the Commission will focus on young people, displaced persons and returnees to (i) establish the framework for the restoration and restoration of the social fabric; and (ii) prevent future religious and radical pathways and thought. The committee's tasks should include measures to deal with the families of Da'ash fighters.

Strategic Objective 1: To ensure the return of IDPs and peace-building between communities and clans
Program 1: Activate peace building at the level of tribal communities

Program 2: Ensuring the Return of Displaced Persons (Internally Displaced Persons( 3.3.2.1. Justifications
Following a provocative occupation, approximately 70% of the population of occupied localities -more than 1 million people in total -were displaced. After liberation, according to the data of the International Organization for Migration on 31 October 2017, the number of displaced in the province was 127074, and returnees 1172454. Most of the displaced from Anbar. In addition to tribal fears and threats, the return of returnees is a challenge because of limited capacity to provide basic services and a safe environment in their areas of residence, low levels of rehabilitation of their homes, difficulty in access to health services and education in these areas, and a lack of economic clarity. Displacement camps are also characterized by challenges of health, education and social services. Afal camps are vulnerable to child labor and exploitation, segregation and separation from parents, trauma without care and treatment, lack of social activities and lack of education opportunities.

Vision
The return of all displaced persons to their homes through the provision of basic services and supporting the rehabilitation of their homes and livelihoods. Effective support for IDPs still in displacement camps in terms of health care, education, psychological support services, etc.

Specific Objectives
Target 1: Rehabilitation of infrastructure, including housing units Target 2: Support for IDPs and returnees In order to be able to support IDPs and returnees, it is important to: (1) take steps to find solutions to the administrative problem -such as lost medical records, home ownership documents, education certificates, civil status, etc .; On the latest information and data on rehabilitation projects that have started / continue to be implemented, the locations of people from each district, the problems they face, etc. And (iii) the establishment of an information system for people in displacement camps -including health, education, needs, support from international donor organizations, etc. While most of the IDPs in Anbar displacement camps are Anbar people, efforts must be focused on the needs of all those in the camps. The information system will be able to effectively plan -consistent with actual needs. Adequate attention must be paid to supporting children to overcome the psychological trauma caused by military operations, their perception of violence, loss of their families and living in camps.

Program 3: Creating a Supportive Environment for Strengthening Social Ties 3.3.3.1. Justifications
Anbar has a high young population percentage -53.3% are below the age of 20, and 70.7% are under 30. The governorate has suffered from an unstable security situation over the past 15 years; the situation has worsened since 2014. As a result, the governorate has seen a decline in school enrollment, which is already low, and employment opportunities. Thus, at present, there are increasing groups of illiterate or poorly educated young people who have no job opportunities and thus suffer from social exclusion.
A large number of families have lost their livelihoods or income earners in their families. At the same time, women generally suffer from low opportunities in education and in the labor market, and their weak role in all aspects of public life. Girls and young women (12-29) suffer particularly from high levels of exclusion in the labor market. Unemployment has worsened and its rates have doubled at an encouraging stage. Finally, the number of orphans and people with special needs has increased significantly.
This requires the need to find quick and effective solutions to integrate marginalized groups -especially young people -into the social and economic life of the province through measures to keep students in school (through sports activities), psychological support, community center and others.

Vision
Creating a supportive environment to encourage the inclusion of marginalized groups -especially young people -in the social and economic life of the governorate.

Specific Objective
Target 1: Integrate important groups into society Target 2: Promote social linkages among young people Target 3: Promote women's role in society Achieving Target 1 will reflect the current situation where supporting the most vulnerable is insufficient and does not adequately address the process of their social and economic integration. Target 2 focuses on the integration of youth -and includes all tracks and social activities aimed at increasing their community membership. Achieving target 3 will increase women's social support, reduce gender-based violence, increase women's psychological life, and facilitate women's full participation as an active member of society.

Conclusions
1-Al-Anbar governorate, represented by its urban and rural society, suffers from many at the social level as a result of the terrorist operations and the stage of displacement and displacement.
2. The post-displacement planning indicators indicate the existence of weaknesses through the quadruple analysis of the social system in Anbar province, which requires rapid intervention.
3 -The proposed mechanism gives positive results that are clarified through the areas of community development so that it passes through the stages of the serial logical sequence that the community shares with the different stakeholders in the definition of goals and strategic vision.
4. The mechanism in which realistic executive programs are presented and implemented is practical through proposing the necessary plans to promote the principle of community peace and support the fragile groups in society while promoting community development that is facing all the negative effects of displacement and displacement.

Recommendations
1. Adopting and implementing the mechanism proposed for the purpose of introducing the principle of community development under the principles of the sustainable development agenda for the year 2030.
2 -Integration of the mechanism proposed within the development plans at the level of Anbar province within the national plans, structural and basic for the province and within the list of development projects in all cities and rural areas.
3 -Direct the establishment of an urban observatory at the governorate level for all the data of the province with the use of modern technologies for that.
4 -Continue to follow up the implementation of the mechanism and conduct the feedback process with the involvement of all segments of society and civil society organizations and tribes and academics in them.