Culture and Domestic Spaces: The Influence of Culture on the Interior Residential Setting

Home has a different meaning to the house because it contains the identity, social relations and collective meaning, and in it there are activities of human life. Home is a domestic space that is close to human life and is influenced by culture. Many cultural factors affect the domestic space itself, such as memory and time; social, economic and political; habits (habit); technology; age; and gender. In this article, we will look at the relationship between culture and domestic space by comparing the interior order of the three houses. The research was conducted by field observation and interview with the residents of the house. The result of the study suggested that culture influences domestic space. This finding can be seen from the differences in interior order and the use of space, although the three residential houses have the characteristics of residential and residents are almost the same.


Introduction
Home is a social space organisation that shows the structure and function of the community. Home is an essential site in the organisation of social space because it is where space and where relationships between families, gender, and class identity are negotiated, competed and changed. Home is an active condition in space and time in the creation of identity, social relations, and collective meaning (Cieraad, 1999).
Thus, a home has a different meaning to a house and so does the meaning of space and place. According to Miller (1995) in Smyth and Croft (2006), space becomes meaningful "with the life that occupies it". It changes both materially or physically by name and spiritual or non-physical with the presence of aggregate value at that spot. Perkins et al. (2002), state that to distinguish the difference between a house and a home, space is something we live in and where it is something that is conceived or conceptualised.
This result is related to the opinion of Bachelard (1994) and Heidegger (1993) that the house has two elements. According to Bachelard (1994) in Smyth and Croft (2006) house are: real buildings made of materials such as wood, bricks and stones, which provide a permanent property that confirms that the memory can be preserved and restored, dug from the past; and an imaginary entity that reduces the experience of residence in a concentrated and ideal essence. This statement is similar to Heiddeger's (1993) statement in Smyth and Croft (2006) that house is a physical location marked by a building (dwelling) and a concept marked with home.

Purpose of the Study
In this article, the author tries to know what relationship between the domestic space with the culture and what factors affect the culture within the domestic space. The author tries to understand the relationship with literature review, primarily based on Our House: The Representation of Domestic Space in Modern Culture (Smyth and Croft, 2006) which is a collection of articles with the issue of domestic space by freeing the author to make various approaches to the issue in accordance with their respective perceptions.
Also, the author also tried to see the relationship between the domestic space with the culture by comparing the interior order of living room, dining room and family room in three houses. The residential house has the same characteristics that are located in a residential complex in the city of Bandung, residents belonging to middle-class society and the status of ownership of residential property is the property.
The research was conducted by field observation and interview with the residents of the house. The dwelling house will be observed interior order, including household furniture, decoration or display, and others, and also observed the relationship of space between the three rooms. Also, the observed characteristics of residents and dwellings will be asked to enrich research analysis.
Study Significances and Contributions From this article is expected to get various factors that affect the culture in the domestic space, so it will provide an understanding of the culture that makes the house into a home. Also, from the results of comparative analysis of residence as a case study can be seen that the domestic space is influenced by culture. To the authors hope this article will provide new insight into the culture of domestic space.

Literature Review: Factors Affecting Culture in Domestic Space
The culture in this article is not "high art" in the form of paintings, classical music, sculptures and dramas commonly found in museums, art galleries and theatres, but the culture has a broader meaning. According to Knox and Pinch (2010) culture is a complex phenomenon, so it is difficult to conclude just like that, but can be defined as culture consists of "ways of life".
Ways of life involves the three most essential elements, namely the values contained in society, such as something idealized and aspirated; norms followed by society, such as rules and principles that govern the lives of the people; material objects used by society, for example in relatively affluent societies in the West, this is a significant category, from everyday consumer goods to transportation systems, buildings and urban facilities.
Therefore, based on Smyth and Croft (2006) there are several factors that affect the culture within the domestic space: memory and time; social, economic and political; habits (habit); technology; age; and gender.

Memories and Time
In House, Habit, and Memory (Moran, 2006) the article shows the relationship between the house and memory, and discusses how the home preserves and conveys the memory of the most routine elements of our lives and about the complicated relationship between memory and the broader narrative of the heritage , tastes, and classes, while in the context of public policy and the housing market in post-World War II. Also, this article also explores the general issues of memory and material culture in today's modern world.
Another article showing the effect of memory is One Widower's Home: Excavating Some Disturbed Meanings of Domestic Space (Boughey, 2006). In this article, we see the relationship between sadness and sense of loss with the meaning of domestic space itself. For someone who loses his or her spouse, the domestic space he or she occupies has a different meaning. Home is no longer a small economic item but a place where there are feelings from the owner. Thus it can be said that the domestic space contains memory, imagination and space itself.
In the article Building, Dwelling, Moving (Brewster, 2006) described the meaning of home with the understanding that: 1. The house is an introduction to "before" to "future". The house is formed of a cause and effect so that the user can imagine or play the memories that the home can send users to the past as well as the creation of future fantasies. 2. The home is part of feelings, memories and images. According to Bachelard (1994) and Heidegger (1993) in Smyth and Croft (2006), a house/residence keeps a story. Inhabiting space is not just an existing empirical data, but also about feelings, reminders and imagery. 3. House describes the 'site' and space 'space'. The house is described as a place to get to know each other and the site to put the soul/human. 4. Home affects language According to Heidegger (1993) in Smyth and Croft (2006), language is part of 'property' of the home, and there is a fundamental relationship between language, behaviour and occupancy.

Socio, Economics, and Politics
Politics is a factor that can not be separated from The Poetics of Space (Heidegger, 1993) and the question is how the entity's vagueness of memory, passion and imagination intersect with the material culture of the home, which is also a process that is closely related to historical factors and economy.
In Moran (2006) article we discuss how housing policy affects increased homeownership by the end of the second world war, from 26% in 1945 to 70% in 2001. People's perceptions of homes have changed, the house has symbolic and cultural importance, and home ownership shows the economic stability, namely wealth, stability and responsibility as members of the community.
In contrast to the above discussion, in the article Troubled Places: Domestic Space in Graphic Novels (Adams, 2006), trying to discuss the formation of space due to the political state of an unstable country. Palestine is still under pressure because of its unseasonable status in the world. In his novel, Said (1993) in Smyth and Croft (2006) tells of the life of people who are under pressure. Space is then categorised as anxious space or space filled with anxiety, waiting and stressful. This form of space is used to indicate the psychological situation of the user, for example, the room is narrow, messy, or empty. The second category is threatened spaces or spaces containing feelings of threat, for example in refugee camps.

Habits
In the article Moran (2006) in Smyth and Croft (2006) stated that "home is the space of habit" is a combination of social expectations and routine in modernity that intersects with the texture of the intimate and the details of the individual life. Also, he also concluded from his article that human attachment to home is not to the idealisation of the past as Bachelard (1994) puts it in Smyth and Croft (2006), but from everyday life.
This finding occurs because the house is not always permanent regarding structural and the site alone, but the house is a continually changing entity and has a very responsive to the habitual experience. The house reflects the duality status of everyday life that combines concrete and textual with indeterminate and temporary. Brands (1997) in Smyth and Croft (2006) states that the house and its inhabitants affect each other every day for 24 hours and the building collects the intimacy.
The custom of the British society has affected the model of storytelling by Carol Ann Duffy (Hughes-Edwards, 2006), attempting to imagine feelings of hearts, expressing to the reader the comfort of home as a refuge, even though it sometimes gives a picture of life far from other human beings. This finding indicates that the "house and home" view affects a particular meaning and purpose.

Technologies
The emerging technologies also affect the culture within the domestic space. In the article Sonic Architecture: Home Hi-Fi and Stereo (types) (Moy, 2006), it is seen how technological developments, especially audio technology affect the listening culture in domestic space. The development of audio technology makes a habit of hearing the initially together, listening with a focus only on the voice alone being changed to a more private and intimate direction.
The longer, the more audio present in the room but not in the private space, such as bedrooms or a particular room to listen to music. Not only that, the audio competition with other media such as television also changed the listening culture, from listening to the focus of being a faintly heard, just as the background noise that shapes the atmosphere only.

Age
In the article A life of Longing Behind the Bedroom Door: Adolescent Space and the Makings of Private Identity (Croft, 2006) described how a teenager cultivates his bedroom. Young age also reflected from how a teenager is describing his bedroom. The relationship between him, his physical condition and his room became very complicated because of the age that is still not grown up but not also want to be repeated as a child.
The bedroom can be a private area where it protects itself; become a playground and show its creativity; being a place of punishment that gives rise to a desire to escape; become a place to dress him; where to write and issue his thoughts; a close and intimate place; also as a place inside a more significant place. The teenager's bedroom has an unstable dualism due to the adolescent's teething ness. The existence of teenage children makes the definition of a domestic space very different.

Gender
In the sociology of domestic space, the concern of McElroy (2006) in his article "Laboring at Leisure: Aspects of Lifestyle and the Rise of Home Improvement" is a change from the development and improvement of development by "do-it-yourself" personal owners. The owner's characteristic of the home model is used as a phenomenon that determines the issue of the class and the owner's gender.
The article "The house … has cancer': Representations of Domestic Space in the Poetry of Carol Ann Duffy" (Hughes-Edwards, 2006) also describes the house as a reflection of the challenges of modern life, especially those that are part of the experience of a woman.
The division of space in the 17th century in the Netherlands, according to Witold Rybczynski (1998) in Smyth and Croft (2006) has different functions and the boundary between public and private is very clearly seen. Homes also have spatial rules due to increased gender influences, with the private-lady division of female "woman", away from the male "male" workspace.

Discussions: The Effect of Culture on Interior of a House
According to Aragonés et al. (2010), dwellings have profound psychological significance whose core functions not only provide protection but as a place where sedentary behaviour occurs.
The homeowner arranges his home based on his needs and personal taste. The inhabitants of the house adapt their homes to themselves through decoration and personalisation. Thus, residents can express their personalities in their homes, and their interior and contents become a reflection of themselves. (Cooper, 1995in Aragonés et al. (2010. Tognoli (1987,2002) in Aragonés et al. (2010) states that dwelling becomes home through an active process whereby humans change the environment around it and create relationships with their chosen places to satisfy their needs and desires. Aragones and Sukhwani (1994) in Aragonés et al. (2010), decoration plays an essential role in this process.
As explained in the previous chapter, culture is the most dominant factor that gives meaning, so the house becomes home and space into place and the factors that affect the culture in the domestic space such as memory and time; social, economic and political; habits (habit); technology; age; and gender. Therefore, to show the relationship between domestic space and culture, observations were made by comparing the interior order of the three houses. The dwelling house will be observed interior order, including household furniture, decoration or display, and others, and also observed the relationship of space between the three rooms. Also, the resident and residential characteristics (Table 1) observed will be asked to enrich the research analysis.

House in PPR-ITB, Bandung
The living room of this house has an area of 3 x 2.5 m, with furniture consisting of three chairs, coffee table, small carpets and cabinets which at the top there are some statues that are souvenirs from various regions. The living room was warm with yellow light from a hanging lamp with a unique shape. The living room wall decorated with paintings made by the owner of the house. According to the owner of the house, the living room is used as to receive guests and also as a space for assistance with students, so space is rarely used, sometimes only used once a week. Based on the space sequence, after the living room, there is a workspace, where the room becomes one unit with the living room or television and dining room. These four rooms are the core rooms where the occupants spend much time, both for work and family gathering. The furniture in the study comprised of a long closet that was placed on top of books and work equipment, then there was the bookcase. A square table and two chairs are placed in the centre of the room, usually used by mom and one of the children to work. At first, the table serves as a dining table, but after getting a more prominent table  finally the table is used as a work table.  The living room or television viewing room is next to the workspace and has an area of 5 x 6 m. In this family room, the furniture consists of three black two seaters sofa and a wooden cabinet on which the television is placed. The sofa has been used for several years because it is comfortable to use and the sofa replaced only the outer layer and the foam without changing the shape. On the wall of the living room, there is a piece of wood and a list of grey walls that are accentuated space. The living room is impressively warm with the yellow light coming from the neon, and the shape of the lamp-like hanging hood adds to the uniqueness of space. According to the owner of the house, the interior in the house changed every 2-3 years so that residents do not feel bored living in the house. The living room is the core space inside the house because it is the place where all the family members gather and take the television together. Also, this space is also used as a place to sleep and work. Child bedrooms upstairs are sometimes not used because they prefer to sleep in the living room.  The dining room has a 5 x 5 m area with furniture consisting of a rectangular table, six dining chairs, and two closets. One cabinet is used as a place to store glass and cooking utensils and other cabinets in addition to functioning as an insulation between the dining room and family room, the cabinet also serves as a place to put work equipment (paper and printer). The dining room is used as a shared dining area in the morning and evening, this room is also used as a workspace father and one of the children, so that can be seen at the table there are books/paper, laptop and newspaper. The dining room is part of the core space inside the house because the intensity of the highest family gathering takes place around the core space.

House in Kembar Mas, Bandung
In this house, living room, dining room, and living room with no barrier wall at all. However, the homeowner feels that the living and dining rooms are semi-public spaces and have little privacy when compared to the living room, so they are given a non-permanent barrier of partitions that block the view from the porch and living room. This partition can be shifted if one day the homeowners hold events, such as recitation, thanksgiving, halal bihalal, and so forth. According to homeowners, guests who come to the house are infrequent, even if there is usually a family or close friends, so sometimes they sit in the living room. Another activity often done in the living room is reading the newspaper in the morning with the door wide open, so the room becomes brighter, comfortable to read, as well as enjoy the morning air. In the living room in this house is not too much home display, just a painting, family photos, and a series of plastic flowers. When viewed from the sequence of space, after the living room then there is dining room and family room, although the three spaces are fused without a dividing wall. The dining room is one of the reasonably common spaces of activity because family members are used to getting together and eating together at the dinner table, especially at dinner. After the food is cooked, the food is directly placed on the dining table and covered with a serving, then a plate to eat is also available on the dining table. Next to the dining table is a cupboard on top of which is placed various support equipment for eating, such as drinking water jugs, glasses, chilli bottles, and so forth. Also, there are also microwaves that are sometimes used to heat food, and next to the cabinets contain refrigerators destined for cold drinks, snacks, and so forth. Activities that occur in the dining room is generally by the actual function of eating, rarely used for other activities except when there are guests who still have family relationships and seating in the family room is not sufficient to sit in the dining chair. In this dining room is not too many displays, just a painting of calligraphy and souvenir displays from abroad, then also looks a collection of magnetic displays for the fridge of souvenirs from various countries.

Figure-9. Bookcase and Display Cabinet in the Living Room
Source: Author's Documentation, 2011 In this family room, quite a lot of displays but the whole is neatly kept in a display cabinet that is placed in the corner and is a souvenir from various countries. Also, also some displays are placed in the closet under the landing stairs along with the books. According to the owner of the house, he is reluctant to put the display openly because for practicality, where with the climate in Indonesia much dust. In addition to displays, there is also a collection of family photographs mounted on the wall of the living room.

House in Lembah Sukaresmi, Bandung
The living room of this house is approximately 2.5 meters wide and 3 meters long. In the living room, there are chairs and tables that are small because the room was not too big. What's interesting about this room is the existence of some decorations and trinkets that are nuanced Java. This finding occurs because homeowners come from the East Java region and like craft items / traditional craft areas in Indonesia. Also, homeowners also love cartoons and animations. Homeowners also collect items mainly figurine from the characters contained in the films.
In this guest room, there are also some paintings. The selection of paintings was based on the fondness of the homeowners who have the value of traditional art or regarding cartoons. This room is also decorated by plants, where the hobby of the homeowner's wife is to keep the plants, so the atmosphere is beautifully present in the room by putting the pots of flowers in the room. The colour of the sofa is also selected green colour to add to the beauty of space. The living room is rarely used, only to accept foreign guests who have no kinship or friendship close to family members. Thus, now the living room is often used as a music practice room by the child of the homeowner. This space is rarely passed by family members except at the time will clean the room.
The living room of this house is quite large with a length and width of 5 meters space. This space is in the middle of the house, associated with other spaces. At the top of this space there is a void, thus connecting the view with space that is on the top floor of the house. This family room has almost the same furniture with living rooms in other homes, namely sofa , table corner, coffee table and television table, and wooden bale. The furniture is made of wood material because it is homeowners love goods made of wood. He thinks the wooden furnishings provide a warm atmosphere. At the corner table in this room, there are snack jars commonly enjoyed together when family members gathered to watch television. In this space, there is also a Christmas-themed decoration because this family is a Catholic family. Also, on the wall of the family room, there is also a kind of decoration of Chinese paintings because the family who inhabits this house has Chinese heritage. As well as in the living room, in this space also found plants that are used as room decoration as well. Another exciting thing about this space is the display of origami works because the homeowners also have a hobby of Japanese-style paper folding called origami. This room is a necessary room for the family because it is a gathering space for all family members. Activities that are often done in this room is watching television or video. This finding occurs because television is only available in the family room only so that all family members gather in this space when watching. The reason there is only one television in this home is also due to the family expect the togetherness that occurs when watching. Family members gather in this room in the afternoon until evening. In this room, there is also a variety of cakes and snacks that accompany when gathered. Also, this room is also decorated with Christmas ornaments that enliven the atmosphere of the house to welcome the Christmas Day. In this house, dining room together without a dividing wall with the family room. The dining room is about 3 meters long and about 3 meters wide. In this dining room, there is a round dining table with six dining chairs, several closets and a fridge. Characteristic of Chinese ethnic in this space seen in jalousie window that exists in this dining room. Also, on the wall, there is also a painting Last Supper which also signifies the religion of the homeowner that is Catholicism. This dining room is used when family members eat. This family habit is the whole family members are always endeavoured to eat together. As with meals, this room is used in the morning, day and night. This dining room is also one of the family gathering room, especially when eating together.

Factors Affecting Culture in Domestic Culture: Comparison of Interior of the Houses
As discussed in the previous chapter in the domestic space, culture is influenced by factors such as memory and time; social, economic and political; habits (habit); technology; age; and gender. Here is a comparison of the interior order of the three houses based on these factors:

Memories and Time
The first house has been inhabited since 1992, the second house since 1995 and the third house since 1998. The three houses have been inhabited for more than 12 years and are at the post-child life level (Short, 1982). Thus, the three houses have a memory and give a specific meaning to its inhabitants, as well as every space has traces that remind residents of the past.
Also, the decoration in the three houses contributed to the memories of the house, such as the presence of souvenirs obtained from travel to various regions or countries and the work of the hobby of the inhabitants of the house. Thus, in the house, there is a trail of life of the inhabitants of the house.
In general, household furniture such as sofas, dining tables and chairs, and cabinets are rarely replaced from the beginning purchased. In the first house and second, the sofa is not replaced but replaced the layer of skin and foam. This finding occurs because sometimes there is an attachment between the occupants of the furniture in the house that makes it not willing to replace with a new one.

Socio, Economics, and Politics
The case study house has similar characteristics regarding location residing in a residential complex in Bandung, homeowners belonging to middle-class society, and home ownership status is a property right. Therefore, the residence has spaces with specific functions; there is not a single room that doubles, such as living room and family or living room and family.
In the interior order, the significant difference of the three houses is based on ethnicity/religion, religion and occupation. This fact can be seen from the decorations chosen to decorate their home. At the residence in the complex PPR-ITB, display of souvenirs from various regions caused by the work of the homeowner as a lecturer who sometimes requires travelling on business both out of town and abroad. Selection of chandeliers and wall paint colours, and installation of paintings that are the work of homeowners as a reflection of personal taste close to the art of his work as interior design.
At the residence in the complex Kembar Mas, many displays are souvenirs from various regions, and countries indicate that homeowners often make official trips out of town and abroad, according to his job as a lecturer. Also, there are decorations in the form of calligraphy that signifies that the homeowner is Muslim. When compared to the other two houses, where the work is related to the arts, this house tends to be 'ordinary' with the selection of whitecoloured wall paint and crystal chandeliers. This fact occurs due to the work of homeowners who are doctors who tend to be practical.
The residence in the Sukaresmi Valley complex has displayed, even parts of homes that match ethnic/religious backgrounds, such as typical Javanese decorations or displays, Chinese paintings, last supper paintings, and Christmas ornaments to welcome the Christmas Day. Also, the work of homeowners associated with the arts, namely as an architect can be seen from the selection of wall paint colours and installation of exposed walls that show the material.

Habits
Habitual factors affecting the culture within the domestic space can be seen from the various activities that occur in the three spaces, whether by its function or not. In the three houses, the living room is rarely used but still there to receive guests who are not so well known. This fact is based on the customs in Indonesia that do not want an unknown person to enter the private area.
In these three homes, the main room or inner core of the house is the living room and dining room, where most of the gathering activities are spent in the room and usually the two spaces are fused with no boundary walls. Nevertheless, there is little difference because of differences in habits between families. In the first house, dining room and family room is also used as a space for work, sometimes even the family room is used for sleeping. This finding in the first house is different from the second and third houses, where the spaces are used by its function.
In the first and third homes, the family room is a space that is often used every day to watch television and gather with family. Unlike the case with the second house where the family room is rarely used because residents prefer to spend time in the bedroom each.

Technology
This fact can be seen from the behaviour of the first and third home residents, where the importance of electronic television equipment in a space to be enjoyed together. In contrast, to the behaviour of the family in the third house, wherein each bedroom there is a television, so they tend to watch prefer to watch television in the bedroom.
In addition to television, laptops also play a role in giving influence to the behaviour of residents. This fact can be seen in the first house, where the dining room and family room is also used as a workspace because the laptop can be quickly moved anywhere. Unlike the case with Personal Computer (PC), which is difficult to move because complicated installation and large, so it tends to position remains.

Age and Gender
The age factor affecting the culture of a house can be seen from the life stage (stage in the life cycle) of the family. The three residential houses are at the stage of having an adult child (post-child), where according to Short (1982) at that stage the housing or aspiration needs are characterised by the establishment in their dwelling. This fact can be seen with every room in a dwelling house having a specific function (not a flexible space, can be a living room or family) Also, in every room, there are complete furnishings along with the decoration. This result will be different from home at the previous level of life, such as pre-child stage or child-bearing, where the house does not have too much furniture, and in families with toddlers, the circumstances of the house are usually more messy with toys.
In the three residential houses used as case studies, the inhabitants are a complete family of fathers, mothers and children, each of whom has a particular role in the home. The influence of gender on culture within these three houses can be seen how mothers have a prominent role in interior order.

Conclusion
The domestic space, in this case, the home, has a close connection with culture, where the cultural factors affect the house. Cultural factors that affect it, among others: memory and time; social, economic and political; customs; technology; age; and gender. Due to the many factors about domestic space, it can be said that domestic space is an interdisciplinary study.
Domestic and cultural space relationships, as well as factors affecting culture in domestic space, can be seen by comparing the interior order of the three houses. The result is that culture influences domestic space. This can be seen from the difference of interior order and the use of space, although the three residential houses have the characteristics of residential and residents are almost the same, which is located in a residential complex in the city of Bandung, residents belonging to middle-class society, the status of ownership is a property, and are in the postchild life stage. This is consistent with the statement of Tognoli (1987;2002) in Aragonés et al. (2010) that dwellings become home through an active process whereby humans change the environment around them and create relationships with their chosen places in order to satisfy their needs and desires, according to Aragones and Sukhwani (1994) in Aragonés et al. (2010), decoration plays an essential role in this process. Also, the differences are caused by three elements related to culture or according to Knox and Pinch (2010), "ways of life,"i.e. values, norms and objects, all of which are interrelated.