A Study of Japanese Immigrant in Thailand; Push and Pull Factors Since 2002

Japanese immigrant has become very momentous situation in Thailand development over a decade as same as Chinese migrant movement to global migration labor. The situations have developed from economic values merge to social adaptation and 2 nd generation. The implementation for this research could lead to understanding of few Japanese migrant situation studies in Thailand which relates to developments situation, social credibility, and skilled labor from 2002 until the present. The research aims (1) to find out and clarify the push and pull factors of Japanese immigrant in Thailand to indicate the Japanese migration role, (2) to analyze the role of Japanese immigrant in Thailand through nationality issues and (3) to indicate migrant management system reconstruction in Thailand in the future. This research is a critical study case of documentary research from the accessible secondary data, PEST analysis (Political with economic, society, and technology) is used to analyze in clarifying of macro push and pull factors of external concerned points with relate to government and Japanese migrant until the few studies of 2 nd Japanese migrant in Thailand possibly. According to Thailand and Japan situations that might be concerned to Japanese migrant in Thailand, the long-term effect of Japanese immigrant will cultivate to Thailand society over generation in the sense of migrant management. As the first step of this study, tourists, non-immigrants, immigrants and 2 nd generation of immigrants are issues compared and future approach possibly. Results of this study indicate; (1) The role of Japanese migrant push and pull factors are the essential point of development issues, (2) A few 2 nd generation study of Japanese migrant in Thailand is crucial for government approach. (3) Limitation of migrant management system which relates to Japanese. Consequently, Japanese migrant increasing in Thailand; investment part to social adaptation and next generation migrant, the government should realize to reallocate the migration system such as social credibility from state/ company/ local government to Japanese migrant group. This study would strengthen linkages between Thai and Japanese sectors (investment enterprises, society, and positive diversity cultivation).


The Role of Japanese Migrant in Thailand
Thailand and Japan have been relating each other for over 100 years. From the history to present, the number of tourist and migrant that have been circulating due to policies. Japanese communities in Thailand illustrate the idea of positive relationship between country. Bangkok, Chiang Mai, and Chon Buri have been the highest chosen by Japanese to visit in long-stay purpose. The characteristic of policy brings Thailand and Japan to international development cooperation such as Thailand smart tourism, international medical hub treatment, industrialized of electronic and car manufacturing, Eastern seaboard, business enterprises, etc. Moreover, the relationship between local and Japanese have been changed to the new community with diversity relationship.
The statistic from Japan embassy in Thailand have reported the increasing number of Japanese long-stay in Thailand which means to the relationship between Thailand and Japan are significant cooperated and entrusted the confidence of citizen between two countries. Source: (graphs by author) Japanese embassy in Thailand report, TAT Thailand tourism report, Thailand BOI statistic report According to the investment treaty between the government, it has shown to the increasing of Japanese number which is the top nationality. The investment in economic sector has been strengthening in terms of Thai government and Japanese private companies dramatically. Moreover,the Bank of Thailand and the Board of Investment of Thailand (BOI) indicates that 64 percent of outbound investments in Thailand is Japan enterprises. There are over 5,000 companies invest in Thailand (BOI Thailand Board of Investment, 2017).
The destination in 2016 presented to the popular city respectively where Japanese stayed for long-term resident and permanent resident. Bangkok, Chon Buri, and Chiang Mai are top three of choosing. The areas were designated for national purpose strategy like economic based and logistic, Smart tourism and creative city to support investors and long-term stay for medical treatments hub or elderly society management.
However, incoming of international traveling and migration might be the advantages between two countries. On the other hand, among the population crisis in decreasing of birthrate and increasing of aging people cause the one problem of needs international migrant to raise and maintain the population structure in country development issues. Also, the urbanized of center civilization becomes the vital issues of population intensity, pollutions, safe and security protocol for traveler and migrant, national security, medical care system structural, the conflict issues of misunderstanding between local and foreigner. The problem might happen in economic sector with Thai income per capita from top to down management. For instance, the measurement of Thai government has allowed foreigner to buy their own car and condominium property asset, this problem cause the problem of increasing the higher price of property. Moreover, the unwanted adaptation of "lifestyle migration -Long-term stay" (Sutpratana, 2015) could lead to long term effect between foreigner and local community which means to the impact and direct of foreigner staying. The research result indicated to communication with local, society, and cultural, all in all, indicator presented "Never done" in learning English to communicate with Thai, Watching Thai television, doing activities with Thai groups, Wearing Thai traditional costume.
Undoubtedly, the cooperation between Thailand and Japan to enhance and support the policy of migrant could lead to the triggering point of collaborative solution issues by looking from international standard as national concerned factors and reflect to solve, prevent, and protect the conflict of international migrant inlocal part integrally.
The reflection of Thailand promotes as the tourism country and to persuade foreigner in visiting and staying, the role of international migrant is filled in the gap of country needs. As a result, migration policy situation would be the mechanism to country developments, studying this case could lead to the better understanding of migrant impact with state stability, society workforce, and 2 nd (or 3 rd ) migrant generation presented.

The Definition of Tourist, Long-Stay and Immigrant in Thailand
 Tourist: To travel to Thailand not over 30 days or postpone to 60 days conditionally.  Long-stay(non-immigrant visa B) : To stay no longer than 90 days until 1 year or to be continue in terms of visa validity for every period of stay. The status of visa is accounted to skilled labor, and long stay visa  Immigrant: To stayin Thailand for over 5 years and have rights to ask for Thai nationality (or permanent resident) or 2 nd generation person who has family related as a foreigner who holds the original nationality. Also, 10 years long-stay visa for elderly aged with account guarantee.

Migrant Survey
In 2013 survey research indicated about the development of EU was significantly related to a number of skilled migration impact "a number of firms and area-level studies identify skilled migrant impacts on labor and firm productivity. The entrepreneurship and investment are harder to establish, although the qualitative and case study literature provides suggestive evidence of the importance of migrant entrepreneurship in a number of European countries" (Nathan, 2013).
To manage problem with pull factors and support it might be considered in relating to state administration that links to economic and needs of skilled labor in migrant market to support country development.
Understanding is the crucial stage to get into migrant needs in the conditions of skilled labor which will distribute an impact to advantages (Nathan, 2013).
 Production = clarify channels operate at different scales  Employers = response to skilled migrant flows is also poorly understood  Consumption = direct impacts of skilled migrants  Quality = in aspect of skilled migrant channels such as the value-added of new migrant business The major investment industrial has invested industries of car and electronic devices. The state should look at country resources and advantages in long term that might negotiate to attract the investor in coming more than industry sector such as service sector or cooperate in R&D programs. The target of state should management in understanding to the type of migrant workers.
In addition to nursing care facilities both public and private in Japan are fully occupied and have long waiting lists. Before the official acceptance of such trainees, Japanese elders had gradually begun to move to countries like Philippines and Thailand where nursing care facilities are available for Japanese elders although still very few in number (Ono, 2010). Gebremedhin (2013), the wide-ranging economic and political stability achievements could possibly migrated people to engage with other country. From this view Reisinger and Turner (2011) stated competency aspects of successful global tourism development was to know the cultural diversities between international travel, and migrant with a host society. The aims of the state were directed link with political, economic, society, and activities to cooperate which supported to stability in gaining a various opportunity.
From time to time, Japan has posted themselves as an investor to invest with others one of the vital base for industries cooperation in ASEAN is Thailand. Due to hard skills value added from Japanese migrant helps Thailand directly of development in boosting and innovations exchanged immensely. To strengthen this relationship needs skilled labor migrant to ensure the status of Thailand in good priority reputation of capable serving good advantages in return. Sutpratana (2015), presented the word of this group of long staying called "Lifestyle migration" which could consist of five factors in remaining of Japanese society at Chiang Mai province. The result showed to the migration pattern have been presenting on individual to change their lifestyle. From the developed country to developing country to seek their life being and support morality concerned.
 Freedom from the inflexible rules imposed by Japanese society (Natural rights: Life / Liberty / Property, Happiness)  A cheaper cost of living as compared to living in Japan resulting in more value for their money  A good atmosphere  Easy to assimilate into the Thai cultural because they are able to stay by easily adapting to both Thai and Japanese cultures  The ability to seek assistance from the Japanese support groups already living here when needed to continue life in Chiang Mai. Society could call the house unit of the country if the house has good environment and good facility concerned. Thai citizen is the unit of the house as same as Japanese migrant. Society might be the valued of soft skill that has the ability to maintain Japanese migrant in Thailand. Thailand tourism launches the project of medical-hub of ASEAN tourism under process of Thailand 4.0. The report from Thailand tourism 2016, the healthcare system in Thailand treated 2.81 million foreign patients in 2015, an increase of 10.2 percent from previous year. Of the total number of patients, Japan is the number one source market, followed by the US , the UK, the Middle East and Australia.
The Ministry of Public Health presented medical tourism to "Visit Thailand Enhance Your Healthy Life", this project to gain the support of 70 hospitals and clinics JCI international standards in Thailand. The reliable support from long-stay regulatory is required in the possible for choosing Thailand in target. The project could enhance and persuade the travel group of elderly people especially from Japan. Furthermore, Thailand cabinet helps to push this in the long-term visa system in extending long-stay visa from 1 year to 10 years staying in Thailand. The criteria in screening process is gender, aged, education degrees, monthly wage.
Because nursing care facilities both public and private in Japan are fully occupied and have long waiting lists. Before the official acceptance of such trainees, Japanese elders had gradually begun to move to countries like Philippines and Thailand where nursing care facilities are available for Japanese elders although still very few in number (Ono, 2010).
Chiang Mai is attracted for Japanese elderly aged because normally long-stay needs 4 factor of mass tourism, accessibility, attraction, accommodation, and actors, especially in Chiang Mai advisory facilities and society help Japanese senior traveler in cross-cultural period easier than normal way as a sustainable support for Japanese longstay tourism (Hongsranagon, 2005).
Meanwhile, medical tourism industry seems to be the solution of ageing population and manage from country to other countries in cooperation. Nursing care and medical care facilities (soft skill services-medical treatments support) become the essential of good health in IRM (International retirement migrant).
Although the group of senior people (long-stay or high-end traveler) is increased from the ability to pay in treatments with Thailand tourism policy promotions, the fact is the limitation of medical resources in Thailand still not enough for well-being basic right in Thai citizen. LTC (long term care insurance) and end-of-life are required from Japanese residents in Thailand meanwhile the potential impact of long-stay tourism on Thai public health facility should be acknowledge and researched more on risk and public insurance debt by Thai government in case of tourism authority (Miyashita, 2017). Anchana (2011), discussed to medical hub had 2 sides effect. Positive sides were country economy, doctor monthly wage and staff, technology medical exchanged. Negative sides were the limitation of medical resources to provide for citizen, the raising average rate of treatment cost Thai, the difficulty of accessibility to get treatment from medical resources. This might impact to inequality and conflict situation between migrant and local in term of national relationship immensely in the future.
In 2010, The Ministry of Public Health presented the proportion of 1 doctor per capital data of 7,000 civilians, 1 dentist doctor per capital data 15,000 civilians when compared to the international standard of WHO indicates that 1 doctor per capital rate of 5,000 people and 1 dentist doctor per capital data of 10,000 people.
Even though the investment of medical hub policy invests to only private hospitals, the investment of medical staff is responsible from all citizen investment. For 1 doctor the state has to provides scholarship for 2.5 million baht. The problem is the less of medical staff today, the state could not provide money to develop more. At the same time, the policy has been trying to gain more foreigner patient to get the treatment in Thailand. United Nation Department of Economic and Social Affairs migration measurement to human development, human security, safe and secure protocol, domestic society environment dimensions were counted in structuring the policy in remaining of 3 statuses of countries migrant purpose and situation.

Push and Pull Perspective of Migrant
 Raise / Maintain / Lower Tourism research by using Push and Pull factors influenced decision making of traveler and traveling trend in the future (Siripen and Wongleedee, 2014).
Some migration research used push and pull factors perspective to analyze the big problem of low skilled labor was their legal rights and labor legislations awareness could be significant part in helping workers to negotiate with country organizations (Gursharan, 2010).
Furthermore, using P.E.S.T. Analysis (Boeninger, 2013) is an examination of external factors that can affect an organization, company, or industry. Political area is identifying government regulations in the industry or economy until legal issues in environments. Economic area is sought of economy impact to actors. Social area is the part of demographic and social trends, statistic of age, health, and population. Technological area is the trend of innovation, usage of technology and changing of technology to actors.
Clarifying factors of push and pull analyzes through PEST will be another way to look at the relevance factors of migrant changing in this research. Supang (2016), the natural of immigration policy should construct in 3 perspectives concerned. Policymakers should realize to the impact of each migrant group.

Immigrant Policies Research
 Different policies for different groups  Positive towards tourist and professional, negative towards refugee and TOC and ambivalent towards less skilled migrant worker  Economic benefits and national security are major drivers of policy  (2016 Thailand migration policy and populism) In term of governance, the reality of many countries still lack the capacity to measure the data and updated migration status. Moreover, the international level of development needs multidimensional tools for evaluating migration governance, the world does not have factors to indicate. IOM (2016), defined the indicators that will support to govern international migration. They believed this could be ensure the impact of international migrant governance possibility factor.
 Institutional capacity  migrant rights  safe and orderly migration  labor migration management  regional and international co-operation and partnerships Papademetriou (2011), researched when the policy plays the role of obligation to govern and manage, the significant role of state should focus on six areas in identifying with Greater Bilateral and Multilateral Cooperation which means state has to careful work to migrant from possibility acting process.
 Thwarting "bad actors"  Increasing the supply of human capital  Experimenting with smallscale migration / mobility agreements  Filling safety and protection gaps for vulnerable migrants  Mitigating the effects of climate change  Reducing costs for migrants The migration policy in countries should understand and enforce to migrant environment with society aspects. IOM (2017), reported to safe, orderly and regular migration to society are the first significant role of countries to deal with international migrant atmosphere.
 Minimizing the negative aspects of migration  Strengthening the positive effects of migration  Protecting migrants" rights and ensuring their well-being Martin and Weerasinghe (2017), the research gave the opportunity to implementation and monitoring keys to UN member states governance and lead the way from research recommendation to re-state procedure and combine laws to support institutions as a cooperation governance perspective significantly. Global context of global governance of migration solution should compare the idea between 2 countries in relevance.
 Binding laws and norms, non-binding normative frameworks, and agreements among States to cooperate on various aspects of migration.  Institutional actors and institutional frameworks and mechanisms.  Processes such as dialogues and initiatives that have taken place at the global level or that relate to governance at the global level. Implementation process, policy constructed, and the effect of policy are covered from global databased contexts. International migration policy is important not only relationship between countries but also in every term of country development such as population, labor, safe and secure, socio cultural, lifestyle changing. If one has to rely on others, globalization and migrant movement is not far from our daily life. To realize the idea of governance, controlling, providing, until motivate with national citizen, it could imply of country advantages.
One of the big project between Thailand and Japan is hybrid train from Bangkok to Chiang Mai. If this project is succeeded, it might help to expand tourism industry in long term. Thailand could possibly manage tourism industry to other targets like elderly people.

Literature Reviewed Conclusion
This paper realized about Japanese situations in Thailand. The effect of this group will not be only social sector but also governance sector which could be separated into two distributions of academic values and social values. Deriving situations and accessible data are analyzed through PEST and reallocate the push and pull factors in work originality. From this study, it proves to the few studies of Japanese 2 nd generation and permanent resident so it should be very crucial to Thai diverse society. Providing the possible data and result could be the reference for migrant policy development and up to date of Japanese migrant in Thailand.

Evidences of Japanese Migrant
Secondary data accessible sets were researched for files related to past, present, and indicated the factors of structural international migration policy and issues between Thailand and Japan. Quantitative data were analyzed in efforts to estimate the factors and possibility factors between state, society, and migrant. Qualitative challenged views in political and policy (integration, displacement, safe migration and management) Documents from UN agencies, embassy and consular information, sovereign governments, online databased, academic authors frequently contained statistics and indicators, in which provides the quantitative data element.

PEST Analysis
The research was primarily structured in term of a qualitative review with documentary research and analysis through PEST analysis which were correlated with political, economic, socio-cultural, and technology. This method could lead to the outside factors of macro analytical pictorial.

Push and Pull Factor
Push and Pull factor has been used in refugee and migration perspective. The more and more academic scholar has tried to find the factors of both side numerously. In addition to economic reasons, social reason, and physical reasons are analyzed to finding result of why people migrate themselves to different place.
The origin country is placed for push factors and destination country is ordered to pull factors. In the sense of refugee cases globally, push factors are usually negative why one factor or many factors could count in reason to migrate. Compared to pull factors is usually positive attractive which could explain the reason in one or many in the same way.
Push and pull factor with people motivations, moving from place to place could explain in traveling and immigration or emigration. Finding motivation factors will support pros and cons to solve, develop, and maintain.

Japanese Migrant in Thailand
Society is consisted of mega picture problems. The global situation is counted into this realizing in relationship between Japan and Thailand probability. Ageing population is one of the global issue, Japan and Thailand get involve to the stage of preparation in solving this issue. To carry the top rate of elderly people needs migrant in the role of population balanced. Japanese long-stay has the potential in good High-end of staying without working but the pension system might no longer enough in the future. Due to Thailand ageing problem and tax unsuccessful, short term policy and long-term policy cooperate with Japan in remaining and gaining the raise of tourism projects and Japanese migrant in Thailand might make Thailand stability in good levels. The population could be circulated in system with both countries, long-term stability to fill the gap of unbalance population. There are so many migrant nationalities but Japan has been invested with Thailand. Soft skilled of tourism and hospitality could be considered to share and exchanged to Japan with hard skill from Japan. Safety and security in Thailand should quickly restructure, it is the finest assurance for traveler both short and long-term as Japan have been doing the reputation of safety and security in world society. One of the good pull factor for Thailand is cheaper cost of living, freedom and inflexible rules which could possibly use to be the advantage in state negotiations.
Technology remains innovations in helping stability. Skill building should be considered in every sector to deal with any generations. Thailand healthcare system to medical hub of Asia is the long run policy but without medical resources, it will cause to the society too. Especially, Long-stay could affect to negative side of inequality medical care public services between poor and people in rural area, also medical staff brain-drain from public sector to private sectors (Hongsranagon, 2017). Urban density situation such as traffic situation is related to population though population needs is required to fill in balancing. Well manage of urban areas will be the solution to expand the more economic, more living area, and more business area in a lower urban intensity.

Macroeconomic Background of Timeline Investment (Before and After 2002)
Japan have been holding the big majority of income investment in Thailand. The cooperation have presented the growing of country partner and cooperation in many projects from past to present.
 [1954][1955][1956][1957][1958][1959][1960][1961][1962][1963][1964][1965][1966][1967][1968][1969][1970][1971] The ended of import era -The starting of Japanese investment in Thailand -Not allowed foriengner hold the part of company in over half -Supported the investment of car assemble Car/Electronic devices/ Textile  1972-1985 The started of export era -Japan changed industry structure to invest oversea -The white book was written by government to reduce the deficit problem -Japanese electronic companies started to invest in SMEs enterprises era -The highest invested income from Japan to help and support the loss of manufacturing -Allowed foreigner holds the full company invest and management (FDI) -Japanese companies have been started to other productivity based under risk management -The first car policy from Thai Government to stimulate GDP Car/ Electronic devices and supply chain/ Chemical and polymer "Thailand Plus One" the solution from Japanese investors with Thailand cabinet .Due to the slightly minimum wage in Thailand. Japanese companies have expanded the manufacturing industry to CLMV country such as Toyota, Nissan, Suzuki, Denso, Minebea, Nikon, Nidec Corporation, NHK Spring. This project of economic investment will be at Thilawa SEZ and Yangon area, Savan Seno SEZ at Savannaket, Poipet, and Phnom Penh.
More over, Flooding disaster in 2011 have effected to Thailand directly because of the changing of some Japanese manufacturing based. It means to the confidencetial of economic in Thailand could play an important part of Japan investments and also increase the potential of area development as ansinificant role of Thailand 4.0 today.
Skilled labor is still required in both Thailand and Japan to escalate the potential of investments. World Bank statistic (2017) over 40 companies in Thailand lack of skill labor.
JTEPA(Japan-Thailand Economic Partnership Agreement) have been supporting Japanese migrant as labor skill to work long term in Thailand in 9 areas, which covered to agricultural, industry and service. Most of Japanese Labor in Thailand are under the investment promotion between Thailand and Japan.   The data presented to the number of Japanese female and male marriage with Thai which was the highest number dramatically in year of 2000 and decreased respectively. Whereas the number slightly reduced, 20 years later 2 nd generation could be the point of study issues especially in dual citizenships concerned of exceptional effects in Thailand and or deny dual nationality in Japan and social diversity. Moreover, the number of Japanese permanent resident has been increasing in ACT10/ACT12/ and ACT62(over 5 years stayed long in Thailand) to present. While long term resident in ACT7/ACT9/ and ACT59 (over 3 years stayed long in Thailand) by government economic exchanged, this will become double number of permanent resident in the future.

Figure-12. Japanese migrant in Thailand
Source: Japan embassy in Thailand From the possibility of Japanese 2 nd generation and Japanese permanent resident statistic show the raising number of Japanese people dominant to Thailand diverse society. Thai government should pay attention to this data set for policy and social management. From Japanese long-term resident and permanent resident in Thailand, this 2 groups become to locate in the areas of Thailand such as the big part in Bangkok, Chon Buri, and Chiang Mai respectively. The 2 nd generation could be referred from significant increasing number of permanent resident group as well.

Thailand Geographical and Permanent Resident Permission
Preparing policy management in this situation could relate to social welfare, social development, pension system, and credibility for the group of Japanese migrants who locate in the big part of Thailand development for over decades. There is very few study and big data about this Japanese groups in Thailand, it presents to the lack of up to date government policy which could not be realized and developed to this crucial situation in Thailand future society.

Figure-14. Japan enterprises in Thailand
Source: Thailand BOI Japanese investment report https://www.metalex.co.th/RXTH/RXTH_Metalex_v2/images/presentation/dr_b ongot_japnaese_management.pdf?v=636482990950920007 "Thailand Plus One" the solution from Japanese investors with Thailand cabinet .Due to the slightly minimum wage in Thailand. Japanese companies have expanded the manufacturing industry to CLMV country(Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam) such as Toyota, Nissan, Suzuki, Denso, Minebea, Nikon, Nidec Corporation, NHK Spring. This project of economic investment will be at Thilawa SEZ and Yangon area, Savan Seno SEZ at Savannaket, Poipet, and Phnom Penh.
More over, Flooding disaster in 2011 have affected to Thailand directly because of the changing of some Japanese manufacturing based. It means to the confidencetial of economic in Thailand could play an important part of Japan investments and also increase the potential of area development as ansinificant role of Thailand 4.0 today.
Skilled labor are still required in both Thailand and Japan to escalate the potential of investments. World Bank statistic (2017) over 40 companies in Thailand lack of skilled labor.
JTEPA(Japan-Thailand Economic Partnership Agreement) have been supporting Japanese migrant as labor skill to work long term in Thailand in 9 areas, which covered to agricultural, industry and service. Most of Japanese Labor in Thailand are under the investment promotion between Thailand and Japan. Research work **conceptualized the data to framework research in this paper through the socialeconomic values** **conceptualized the other interesting major data on types of immigrant provided after collecting data** Source: (table by author) The first incoming of stage on migration role is political cooperation polies to deal with immigration protocol. Skilled labor is important to not only hard skill in exchanged but also pre-dominant of state origin reputation accountability. Japanese skilled labor and permanent resident are the vast majority of Thailand high-class migrant market respectively. Basic rights and protection services should play the first role of state in ensure their life with positive attraction to live differently like before. The normal monthly wage income accept from Japan company could possibly accumulate over Thai minimum wage standard. This could explain to how state political relates to Japanese migrant and roles directly with a reputational and credibility standard of carrying personal state identity to other country in developing country status. In meaning of governance dictatorship or democracy are important to call state reputation with trusted from global expectation.

Result of PEST Analysis
Economic situation is a road to connect from state to global and gaining profit in any contributions to develop country. Japanese enterprises are the striking part of Thailand economic expansion. Nevertheless, the gap filling in Thailand tax system situation could indicate the needs of RAISE status of skilled labor to come and live in Thailand like Japanese long-stay migrant in Bangkok, Chon Buri, and Chiang Mai. The appropriate policy might be considered instead of high minimum wage which will cause Thailand economic opportunity and loose number of Japanese long-stay in Thailand to CLMV countries (Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam).

Result of Push and Pull Factors
Push and pull factors justification is normally used to explanation in term of refugee to developed country. In this research, Japanese and Thailand relationship could partly explain by the status of developed country to developing country and developing country to developed country as well.
In the sense of Thailand to Japan could be a better explanation in opportunity of a better wage in the same occupation such as services sector. In reverse from Japan to Thailand, push and pull factors could depend on policies that generate to politic situation and country sectors. If Thailand build more opportunity on pull factors in research, it could step forward to next step of development practically. For example, safety and security helps to improve tourism environment of travel with safe and secure or good quality approach in urban management helps boosting economic and reduce intensity population.
Country circumstances and crucial issues caused the number of Japanese long stay in Thailand. If the state is stability, good economic credibility, society is disciplined manage with facilities, and technology cooperation to society skills, Japanese migrant and long-stay tend to increase. Conversely, Japanese migrant and long-stay tend to decrease if one ability is default in inability to enhance, protect, and prevent their citizen. From Push and Pull factors, it could be separated by using PEST analysis as political, economic, social and technology. Furthermore, the perspective from this factor could relate to many aspects. For instance, Taxation system and Economic investment are in the economic growth and policy supported, Brian drain and Population intensity could lead to economic and urban development, Medical treatment and Ageing society are the significant part of human development and etc. These situations and found factors are the part of country development both impact to public and private sectors.
Seeking push and pull factors are related to political, economic, society, and technology. This pros and cons are also involved with state stability and credibility to cooperate with other states and citizen. Using the solution of international migration skill depends on how much country reputation. The same situation, if developed country open the door for migrant labor, it will be more attract than developing country even the same policy. To understand the country situations could be the exit for enforcing pull factors. Using and dealing with the role of international migrant (Japanese in Thailand) in supporting country are asked for citizen cooperation. Basic social welfare accessibility, good quality service, safety and security, well urban management, employment are required for Thailand country development and it will support both citizens and long-stay traveler. As a result, this would help ensure the success number of Japanese migrant in Thailand sustainable development with Japan cooperation and investment capability.

Taxation Income System Japan-Thailand
State role capability will significantly drive forward under the condition of good state financial. Gaining the ability to enforce the power comes from citizenship and embodies trusted in the sense of State with citizen contract.
State provides services and policies to citizens otherwise citizens pay tax and other duties back to the State. In term of this basic understanding, it will absolutely support the relationship between State and citizens.
Thailand current situation clearly showed to the big problem between state and people, it has affected to country development. To be more precise, the reported of tax payment in 2014 fiscal year. There were 66 million Thai citizens in Thailand meanwhile there were only 10 million people declared their income. Unfortunately, there were only 4 million people pay for income tax which accumulated only 300,000 million baht. Thailand National statistic presented55.3 million in aged over 15 years, and 33.8 in labor aged only 38.3 million were employed. The number indicates to the group of unemployment 27.4 million people (unemployed 3.6,elderly people and disability 7.4,students 4.4,housewife or husband 4.8,farmer and others 7.38,people out of Thai labor 16.5).
The unbalancing of tax system is the big problem of Thai stability government which is reflect to the struggle in achieving projects quality.
According to Thailand tax system, it starts with exceptiona l 0 percent to 35 percent of income tax (Thai Revenue Department, 2018). Cost of living is one dramatical reason factor that foreigner choose to live in Thailand for longterm stay (over 3 months for Japanese). The Japanese aging people live in Chiangmai for over 6,000 people. The taxation payment system supports in advantage more than Thai citizen because all of them have money from Japanese pension system. Some survey research proved that Japanese elderly people(54-87 years old) had money per month from Japanese pension system under 100,000 yen to over 300,000 yen (Sutpratana, 2016) which can live in Thailand easier than Japan. To clarify, the long stay tourist (migrant) will impact directly to higher cost of living in that areas and the reducing number of medical care system quality in Thailand and more problems on public welfare services. Moreover, the higher monthly wage of Japanese who live in thailand for longterm purposes have more potential to live in the urban area and cheaper cost of living, because the standard of monthly wage in Japan that they earn it in Thailand and the lower tax payment in Thailand tend to persuade foreigner to live.
Japan has an agreement with Thailand called "Double taxation agreement" so Japanese people who live in longterm stay can choose to pay tax in one side. It depends on the longer day(over 180 days in Thailand) that his/her stay in that country annual. Most of Japanese long-term stay who have planned themselve to stay in Thailand or permanent stay choose to pay tax in Thailand instead.
On the other hand, longterm stay migration could fulfill the gap of tax country income because few Thai citizen could not deal with majority and even worst the state stability and development social contract could not rely on previous income repoted. To accept the migration as a long-term stay(high skilled labor) could help Thailand income lost. Source: https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Graphs/ World Bank forecasts in 2030 demographic change in Thailand that will lead to a severe shortage of workers between the ages of 15 and 64. The reducing of domestic labor impacts the state and economic. The big based pyramid presents the potential of inflowing affordable labor in holding the senior top proportion. Today, the changing situation is crucial unsupported to tax system, safe and security, also brain drain problem in country without attracting to return policy(Thailand-Japan).
Elderly people or International retirement migrant could be a big part for migration situation in Thailand. Taxation system for this group is related to many topic such as pension system, insurance system, medical treatment potential. Thailand is persuating this group to come to Thailand in order to highclass potential migrant which extended to longer visa for individual. Coming from those who has the ability to live without working could be good for Thailand taxation income but there are so many issues about medical treatment ability to public standard provided. From income tax system in Thailand shows to the low of minimum wage with quality which will be the factor of pursuading Japan investment. Car(supply chain and assembly) and electronic devices are used by Japanese to choose Thailand as a based of investment productivity. Over the half of foreigner investment in Thailand is Japanese entreprises who has holded the proportion of 36% for over 10 years in ASEAN(Phillipines 23%, Malaysia 15%, Indonesia 10%, and Singapore 7%) until present (BOI Thailand Board of Investment, 2017).

Figure-20. Social contract between STATE and CITIZENS
Source: (picture by author) document from Human Security and International development course

Society Credibility
The relationship between state to state is very important as same as state to people. The contract from country to other is promised to diplomatic approach, economic investment, exchanged program, until trade and agreements. On the one hand, state provides services and policy to develop society such as safe and security, social welfare, service administrations to human development procedure, in returning from citizen tax payment and cooperate with responsibility to state regulatory.
When people migrate from their origin to state destination, timing and duties will be judged in legislation protocol to allow the status of short-term(traveler) or long-term clearly. To allow people in long-term stay of destination state which means migrant or long-stay traveler are the responsible of the state as same as citizen accepting the policies and services.
In term of Japanese skilled labor and Japanese long stay or permanent resident, the state credibility between Thailand and Japan should have the policy of encourage their citizens in skilled labor in condition of skills exchanged. The flow of migrant skilled will support in updating and sustainable skilled migrant development. Japanese long-stay and elderly people if they decided to stay in Thailand, the state cooperation should provide their work and activities to fill in the gap of society so the diversity and cross-cultural could no longer happens to local society understanding.
According to many problems in developing and developed countries faces and seeks to find the solution to develop country as possible ways.
Taxation system is the main resoucre of state to provide social contract to citizen. The lacking and lossing of income will caused to instability which impact to country policy acheivement struggling.
Furthermore, Thailand should strategy in long-term instead to build medical staffs and preparing for efficiency in taking care of Thai health standard. After that, medical hub of ASEAN could be possibly for Thailand which will not harm the state and citizen stability. Also, the positive of foreigner income will be more supported and trusted in Thailand medical care system.
Lastly, Thailand urban intensity may cause many problems, the trend both Japan and Thailand people who live in the city tends to grow up significantly. Meanwhile, the number of migrant on working age is related to urban population problems, cost of living in accommodation, social facility access, and traffic could be the major problem. The state of Thailand should construct to urban developing to the potential provinces and manage the investment business sectors to base in the appropriate areas which will steady and get in a good control of developing.

Conclusion
The increasing number of Japanese migrant in Thailand has presented through economic background cooperation. Meanwhile, Thailand government has stimulated tourism to play in the main role of economic supported. The amount of Japanese traveling to Thailand in short term purposes slightly changed to local adaptation and move to the very few parts of 2 nd generation and permanent resident proportion. In according to economic values merge to social adaptation and 2 nd generation or permanent resident, social credibility and skills should be exchanged between the state and Japanese migrant in sustain.
PEST analysis in this research is focused in the changing role of Japanese migrant in Thailand. The roles have changed from being a tourist or worker, localized, until 2 nd generation or permanent resident. (1) The beginning from the big number of Japanese tourist positively relates to economic situations and political agreements. (2) Even though becoming localized plays a part of social adaptation and diverse society, supporting social welfare and local development could be realized for migrant system development.
(3) Becoming 2 nd generation or permanent resident are very few and small part due to the few studies, nationality issues concern with social acceptable in Thai society. The crucial point of these three stages are important to migrant and changing role, the very few research of third stage in this work should be studied in the further for academic and governance advantages. This set of data could be analyzed to related factors of Japanese migrant situations in Thailand and the explanation of how important of Japanese migrant impact to Thailand sectors for long time.
Push and pull factors are analyzed by PEST analysis. It shows the possibility factors that could affect to migrant situation especially Japanese migrant in Thailand. The result reflects the problem of unready migrant policy in Thailand for long-term strategy. The number of Japanese migrants would be double number in the future from the statistic result which means to the more important of Japanese migrant implementation and data, the more attraction of Japanese migrate to Thailand with purposes both short and long-term continuously. Economic investment gives the benefit of first coming worker as same as 30 days visa exemption for Japanese traveler. Political movement stability and policy should ready to support these group especially social welfare, safe and security, taxation and pension system, urban development, ageing society, medical standard quality and big data implementation to analyze possibility trend issues potentially. A well technology, human developments and social developments could gain more on Thailand reputation in country development both public and private sector benefits.
Constructing the ideas of research analyzing brings the important part of migration from developed to developing country. It is a difference term of refugee and also added table of changing role of Japanese migrant in Thailand integrates to push and pull factor possibility. From this view point, there is some crucial research finding for further study on 2 nd generation and permanent resident which will be affected to Thailand and Japan national governance system in the future. On account of an increase Japanese migrant number, the few studies could lead the problems of country management and social issues.
Academic proposes the possibility factors which will affect to rebuild migration system management in the future. Social distribution proposes the Japanese migrant situations such as the suggestion to prepare policy for 2 nd generation and permanent resident dimensions covered details. At present, the reflection problems in this research shows Thailand immigrant policy is not up to date with development fields. If the government does not realize about this problem thoroughly, it will affect to many problems of skilled labor and developments. Finding the possibility to manage this issue is the key to reawaken policy strategy support for the principles of a universal migration system. The view in this study is also needed a deeply visions of which can once regenerate to migration management ability internationally.