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Volume 12 Number 1 March 2026

An -Improved Intelligent Model for Software Defect Prediction


Authors: Mahmoud Abdelmohsen Ahmed ; Shahira Shaaban Azab ; Hesham Ahmed Hefny
Pages: 6-22
DOI: doi.org/10.32861/sr.121.6.22
Abstract
Software defect prediction is an important activity in every software firms, so the Software defects have severe consequences, especially in mission-critical arrangements developed by organizations like NASA. Effective techniques for early detection and prediction of defective software modules are crucial for ensuring reliability and qualifying risks. This study investigates the application of machine learning models for predicting software defects using datasets from NASA’s Metrics Data Program depending on 10 datasets. Four different classification models – Support Vector Machines, Random Forests, Logistic Regression, and Ensemble model – were evaluated on their ability to classify software modules as defective or non-defective based on software metrics. The datasets exhibited significant class imbalance, with defective modules being the minority class. To address this, the Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique was employed, which generated synthetic examples of the minority class, leading to improved performance across all models. Also, two feature selection procedures, Recursive Feature Elimination with Cross-Validation and Information Gain, were applied and compared. RFECV generally resulted in higher accuracy and precision, while the results for recall and F1-score were mixed. Among the assessed models, the Random Forest model demonstrated the highest overall accuracy after applying SMOTE and feature selection. The research highlights the potential of machine learning, particularly ensemble methods like Random Forests, for automating software defect prediction in critical systems. By addressing trials such as class imbalance and feature selection, the performance of these models can be significantly enhanced. This study contributes to the rising field of machine learning applications in software engineering, providing insights and methods for improving the reliability and quality of software systems developed by NASA and other organizations working on mission-critical application.

A Relativistic Correction for Boltzmann’s Distribution


Authors: Dr. Lloyd G. Allred 
Pages: 1-5
DOI: doi.org/10.32861/sr.121.1.5
Abstract
The distribution of velocities of molecules in a gas is a well understood discipline of physics. The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution describes the distribution of velocity of a molecule in a gas as a function of mass and temperature.  Molecules with the same mass tend to have the same velocity. By expressing the same law in terms of energy alone, the distribution becomes independent of mass. This formulation provides a new universal gas law. In summary, as the molecules in the gas interact through collisions, the energies tend to equalize.  For high-energy gases, the original law predicts velocities greater than the speed of light. If one uses Einstein’s formula for energy (E=mc2), then a relativistic correction is not required.